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Governance of Social Media Platforms and Regulation of Online Media in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Türkiye

Andia Sokol, Lamija Kovačević, Sinem Aydınlı, Amer Džihana, Marina Grnja Klaić, Mihajlo Lahtov, Ilda Londo, Vesna Rajković

South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2026), 81 pp.

"The purpose of this study is to identify the current state of regulatory frameworks governing social media platforms and online media, as well as the main challenges related to the moderation and curation of verified public interest information on these media platforms. The target countries that ar ... more

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Podcasts for ecosocial change: A study of environmental narratives in the English and Spanish contexts

Sara López-Gómez

Radio Journal: International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media, volume 24, issue 1 (2026), pp. 71-97

"In the context of the current ecological crisis, ecosocial podcasts connect environmental degradation, social injustice, and global inequalities, inviting reflection on the need for socio-environmental transformations. This article offers an overview and comparative mapping of ecosocial podcasting ... more

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World Happiness Report 2026: Happiness and Social Media

John F. Helliwell, Richard Layard, Jeffrey D. Sachs, Jan-Emmanuel De Neve, Lara B. Aknin, Shun Wang (eds.)

Oxford: University of Oxford, Wellbeing Research Centre (2026), 268 pp.

"TRENDS IN GLOBAL HAPPINESS • Nordic countries lead the happiness rankings once again. Finland is still in a group of one at the top, followed by a group of three: Iceland, Denmark, and Costa Rica. Sweden and Norway complete the top six, followed by the Netherlands, Israel, Luxembourg, and Switze ... rland to round out the top ten. Costa Rica’s rise to 4th marks the highest ever ranking for a Latin American country. • Looking at changes in happiness from the 2006–2010 base period to 2023–2025, nearly twice as many countries have had significant gains (79) than significant losses (41), among the 136 countries ranked. • Within that period, most of the 21 countries that have gained a point or more on the 0–10 life evaluation scale are in Central and Eastern Europe, reflecting the convergence in European happiness levels that has been clear for more than a decade. Most of the eight countries with drops of more than one point are in or near zones of major conflict. • In general, most Western industrial countries are now less happy than they were between 2005 and 2010. Fifteen of them have had significant drops, compared to four with significant increases. • In a ranking of happiness changes for under-25s, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand (the NANZ region) rank between 122 and 133 in the list of 136 countries. • In eight of the ten global regions shown in Figure 2.2 (covering roughly 90% of the world’s population), those in the youngest age group have higher life evaluations now than in 2006–2010, either in absolute terms or relative to those over 25. Youth wellbeing has only fallen in the NANZ countries and Western Europe, both absolutely and relative to adults. • Negative emotions are becoming more common in all global regions. They are less frequent for the young, except for NANZ, where the increases, relative to other regions, were in sadness. Worry rose more broadly for the young, while the frequency of anger fell everywhere, for young and old alike. • Positive emotions continue to be twice as frequent as negative emotions. In all regions, they are higher for those born recently than for their elders, except for NANZ, where that gap has closed in recent years. HAPPINESS AND SOCIAL MEDIA • Life satisfaction is highest at low rates of social media use and lower at higher rates of use, according to data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) covering seven internet activities for 15-year-old students in 47 countries (but not the NANZ countries, unfortunately). • Internet activities fall into two groups. Communications, news, learning, and content creation are associated with higher life satisfaction. Social media, gaming, and browsing for fun are associated with lower life evaluations. • All internet activities are associated with lower life satisfaction at very high rates of use, especially for girls and for those in the UK and Ireland, the two English-speaking countries in PISA. • Data from Latin America reveal that the type of platform is crucial. Platforms designed to facilitate social connections show a clear positive association with happiness, whereas those driven by algorithmically curated content tend to demonstrate a negative association at high rates of use. • When combined, the PISA and Gallup data show significantly higher youth wellbeing in countries that spend more time using the internet for communication, and insignificantly lower youth wellbeing in countries with higher average hours of social media use. Latin American countries combine high levels 6 World Happiness Report 2026 of social media use with high youth wellbeing, while English-speaking countries show lower youth wellbeing than their fairly typical patterns of internet use can explain. • The prevalence and use patterns for social media are similar in all countries, but their links to life evaluations are stronger in English- speaking countries and Western Europe. These differences do not account for the large drops in youth wellbeing in these countries, however. Much, no doubt, depends on how social media is used and the broader social and economic context. • When school belonging goes from low (10th percentile) to high (90th percentile), the life satisfaction gains for girls in the UK and Ireland are four times greater than social media use going from high (90th percentile) to low (10th percentile). In PISA’s 47-country global sample, the belonging effect is six times larger. This should be relevant when policy options are being considered. SOCIAL MEDIA IS HARMING ADOLESCENTS AT A SCALE LARGE ENOUGH TO CAUSE CHANGES AT THE POPULATION LEVEL • Is social media use reasonably safe for children and adolescents? We call this the “product safety question”, and we present seven lines of evidence showing that the answer is no. • The evidence of harm is found in: 1) surveys of young people; 2) surveys of parents, teachers, and clinicians; 3) contents from corporate documents; 4) findings from cross-sectional studies; 5) findings from longitudinal studies; 6) findings from social media reduction experiments; and 7) findings from natural experiments. • We show there is now overwhelming evidence of severe and widespread direct harms (such as cyberbullying and sextortion), and compelling evidence of troubling indirect harms (such as depression). Furthermore, we show that the harms and risks to individual users are so diverse and vast in scope that they justify the view that social media is causing harm at a population level. • We further argue that when these lines of evidence are considered alongside the timing, scope, and cross-national trends in adolescent wellbeing and mental health, they can help answer a second question: was the rapid adoption of always-available social media by adolescents in the early 2010s a substantial contributor to the population-level increases in mental illness that emerged by the mid 2010s in many Western nations? We call this the “historical trends question”. We draw on our findings about the vast scale of harm uncovered while answering the product safety question to argue that the answer to the historical trends question is “yes”. (Executive summary, pages 6-7) more

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Perpetrators in Documentaries on Genocide

Julian Koch

Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (2026), 268 pp.

"Perpetrators in Documentaries on Genocide is a wide-ranging comparative study that analyses how numerous genocides and their perpetrators have been presented in documentary film. Spanning seven 20th-century genocides across three continents and combining interviews with filmmakers, distant reading, ... more

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Panorama of Exiled Independent Media: Amid Global Geopolitical Turbulence in 2026
Deep Insights

Berlin: JX Fund (2026), 29 pp.

"Exiled Independent Media (EXIM) are no longer a marginal or transitional phenomenon. They have become a permanent and structurally significant part of the global media landscape – and the forces that lead EXIM to appear are, if anything, growing stronger. The sustained rise of authoritarian regim ... more

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Macro-Economic Inequality and National Stereotypes in 45 Non-Western Countries

Vukašin Gligoric, John T. Jost, Jessica V. Schaaf et al.

Social Psychological and Personality Science, volume 17, issue 4 (2026), pp. 492-509

"The assumption that people favor ingroups and disfavor outgroups is based largely on theory and research from Western countries. However, groups subjected to economic exploitation and inequality might come to favor more advantaged outgroups. The present large-scale study (N = 12,339) involving 45 n ... more

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Usos problemáticos de dispositivos digitales en la infancia y adolescencia en América Latina: Desigualdad, bienestar y apoyo familiar

Matías Dodel, Ariel Tófalo, Rolando Pérez, David Torres, Jazmín Mazó Torrico

Santiago de Chile: Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL); Kids Online Red América Latina (2026), 42 pp.

"Este estudio aporta datos clave para diseñar políticas públicas y marcos regulatorios que promuevan el bienestar integral de niñas, niños y adolescentes en América Latina. Los hallazgos revelan que los usos problemáticos de las tecnologías no obedecen únicamente al tiempo frente a las pant ... more

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Tributação das Big Techs e Jornalismo: Caminhos para o Brasil

Raphael Lavez, Isabella Panisson, Francisco Brito Cruz

Momentum Journalism & Tech Task Force (2025), 26 pp.

"A atuação e o modelo de negócio das grandes empresas de tecnologia remodelaram profundamente as dinâmicas econômicas de diversos setores, inclusive o do jornalismo. A concentração de receitas publicitárias em grandes plataformas aprofunda a crise estrutural da mídia, colocando em xeque a s ... more

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The Role of Trust and Attitudes toward Democracy in the Dissemination of Disinformation: A Comparative Analysis of Six Democracies

Edda Humprecht

Digital Journalism, volume 13, issue 5 (2025), pp. 931-948

"Trust lies at the heart of the disinformation crisis, as citizens must decide which narratives to follow and whether to accept “alternative truths.” Therefore, trust in institutions that publish reliable information can act as a shield against disinformation. This comparative study investigates ... more

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The Index on International Media Freedom Support 2025

Martin Scott, Mel Bunce, Shannon Maguire, Mary Myers

University of East Anglia, Centre for Journalism and Democracy; City St George’s, University of London (2025), 30 pp.

"The Index on International Media Freedom Support (IMFS) evaluates and ranks states based on their support for media freedom beyond their borders. It does this by analysing the contributions that countries have made to international diplomatic, financial and safety / protection initiatives that prom ... ote media freedom. The IMFS Index includes all states that are members of both the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and the Media Freedom Coalition (MFC) (30 countries). These countries have pledged to promote media freedom internationally, and the IMFS holds them accountable for these commitments. The Index draws on data from the previous calendar year (2024), except for the ODA figures, which are for 2023, due to the time lag in reporting. The IMFS Index is produced by an independent research group and is a joint project between City St George’s, University of London, and the University of East Anglia. The results of the 2025 IMFS Index highlight several well performing states: Lithuania (1st) is the highest ranked country, largely due to its diplomatic efforts, including its leadership of two multilateral initiatives. Sweden (2nd) spent a far higher proportion of its Official Development Assistance (ODA) on media development in 2023 than any other country (0.91%). It is the only country to get close to the benchmark of 1.0%, as recommended by the Forum on Information & Democracy. France (5th) is the only country to award funding to all four qualifying multilateral pooled funds in 2024. Latvia (9th) is the only country to have both an active emergency visa scheme dedicated to supporting journalists at-risk and to support a national initiative that promotes the protection and safety of media workers in exile. The IMFS Index also identifies several less encouraging trends and performances: No country performed consistently well across all three areas of diplomacy, funding and safety / protection. Almost two thirds of the 30 countries qualified for the lowest, bronze category, earning only 10 points or less. This includes four members of the G7: the United Kingdom (equal 12th), the United States (equal 12th), Italy (equal 24th) and Japan (28th). The lowest ranked countries were Japan (28th), Slovenia (equal 29th) and South Korea (equal 29th), due to their relative lack of support for diplomacy, funding and safety / protection. However, South Korea and Japan do provide support for the wider enabling environment for media freedom in their ODA spending, which is not measured by this Index. On average, the 30 states in the IMFS Index allocated just 0.16% of their ODA to media development in 2023. Thirteen countries awarded less than 0.1%, including three – Latvia (9th), Greece (21st), and Slovenia (29th) – which reported giving 0%. Only five countries had an emergency visa scheme for journalists in 2024, and only five hosted an assistance programme for journalists in exile. Twenty-one countries had neither." (Executive summary, pages 3-4) more

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Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2025
Deep Insights

Nic Newman, Richard Fletcher, Craig T. Robertson, Amy Ross Arguedas, Rasmus Kleis Nielsen (eds.)

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2025), 170 pp.

"• Engagement with traditional media sources such as TV, print, and news websites continues to fall, while dependence on social media, video platforms, and online aggregators grows. This is particularly the case in the United States where polling overlapped with the first few weeks of the new Trum ... p administration. Social media news use was sharply up (+6pp) but there was no ‘Trump bump’ for traditional sources. • Personalities and influencers are, in some countries, playing a significant role in shaping public debates. One-fifth (22%) of our United States sample says they came across news or commentary from popular podcaster Joe Rogan in the week after the inauguration, including a disproportionate number of young men. In France, young news creator Hugo Travers (HugoDécrypte) reaches 22% of under-35s with content distributed mainly via YouTube and TikTok. Young influencers also play a significant role in many Asian countries, including Thailand. • News use across online platforms continues to fragment, with six online networks now reaching more than 10% weekly with news content, compared with just two a decade ago. Around a third of our global sample use Facebook (36%) and YouTube (30%) for news each week. Instagram (19%) and WhatsApp (19%) are used by around a fifth, while TikTok (16%) remains ahead of X at 12%. • Data show that usage of X for news is stable or increasing across many markets, with the biggest uplift in the United States (+8pp), Australia (+6pp), and Poland (+6pp). Since Elon Musk took over the network in 2022 many more right-leaning people, notably young men, have flocked to the network, while some progressive audiences have left or are using it less frequently. Rival networks like Threads, Bluesky, and Mastodon are making little impact globally, with reach of 2% or less for news. • Changing platform strategies mean that video continues to grow in importance as a source of news. Across all markets the proportion consuming social video has grown from 52% in 2020 to 65% in 2025 and any video from 67% to 75%. In the Philippines, Thailand, Kenya, and India more people now say they prefer to watch the news rather than read it, further encouraging the shift to personality-led news creators. • Our survey also shows the importance of news podcasting in reaching younger, better-educated audiences. The United States has among the highest proportion (15%) accessing one or more podcasts in the last week, with many of these now filmed and distributed via video platforms such as YouTube and TikTok. By contrast, many northern European podcast markets remain dominated by public broadcasters or big legacy media companies and have been slower to adopt video versions. • TikTok is the fastest growing social and video network, adding a further 4pp across markets for news and reaching 49% of our online sample in Thailand (+10pp) and 40% in Malaysia (+9pp). But at the same time people in those markets see the network as one of the biggest threats when it comes to false or misleading information, along with Facebook. • Overall, over half our sample (58%) say they remain concerned about their ability to tell what is true from what is false when it comes to news online, a similar proportion to last year. Concern is highest in Africa (73%) and the United States (73%), with lowest levels in Western Europe (46%). • When it comes to underlying sources of false or misleading information, online influencers and personalities are seen as the biggest threat worldwide (47%), along with national politicians (47%). Concern about influencers is highest in African countries such as Nigeria (58%) and Kenya (59%), while politicians are considered the biggest threat in the United States (57%), Spain (57%), and much of Eastern Europe." (Executive summary, page 10-11) more

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Exploring news gratifications across age groups: A European study in 23 countries

Mónica Recalde, Alfonso Vara-Miguel, Jorge del Río Pérez, Cristina Sánchez-Blanco

European Journal of Communication, volume 40, issue 1 (2025), pp. 70-86

"Research on motivations for news consumption has primarily focused on uses and gratifications (U&G) from both conventional and new media. However, there is a gap regarding age perspectives in this field. This study aims to address this gap by examining whether differences and similarities exist in ... more

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Our Media, Our Democracy, Our Future. The Future of the Media in the Western Balkans and Turkey – Facts and Trends. Regional Overview
Deep Insights

Sanela Hodžic, Sandra B. Hrvatin

Sarajevo; Ljubljana: Mediacentar; Peace Institute; South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2025), 57 pp.

"The results of the research conducted in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Turkey suggest that the key determinants for the future of our media and democracies are the following: • The poor socio-economic status of journalists and their exposure to ... pressure and attacks, coupled with modest support mechanisms, cripple the ability of journalists to promote the public interest, report on key issues of public interest, and hold power to account. In the most extreme cases, the pressure involves imprisonment, interrogation, surveillance, and lawsuits aimed at silencing journalists. • The lack of consistent monitoring and registration of cases of Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP) in the region, with dozens of lawsuits against journalists filed by political officials and their affiliates. • A growing number or media outlets, but a declining number of journalism students, highlighting concerns about the future shrinking of staff numbers in media newsrooms and about the growing automatization of journalism. The most drastic drop was in North Macedonia, with the number of journalism students in 2023 amounting to only 11% of the number from ten years ago and 50% of the number from 2000. • The number of media outlets is growing, mostly in the online sector, while print media outlets are becoming increasingly endemic. • A worrying trend of overt concentration of media ownership in the hands of a few media conglomerates, often tied to national or foreign governments, that takes a toll on media freedom and pluralism. • The dominant instrumentalization (through ownership and funding) of media (including private and public) for particular political and/or business interests limits the space for editorial independence and integrity. • Non-profit media are still a rarity in the region, with only a few non-profit radio broadcasters in some countries, and an unknown number of online platforms of civil society organizations with a community-focused mission. • Lack of transparency of the media sector, particularly a lack of accessible and reliable information concerning the media industry and the media market. • Advertising is the main source of revenues in the media sector, with the total revenues ranging between EUR 12 million in Montenegro and over EUR 4 billion in Turkey. • Although it is declining, the TV sector is still dominant in terms of its share of advertising revenues, while social media’s share is increasing, and in Turkey it amounts to as much as 45.7% of advertising revenues. • The tech giants such as Google and Meta are an increasingly dominant competitor for media outlets in the region, jeopardizing the future sustainability of national and local media outlets and potentially curbing political pluralism in public communication. • Public funding for the media, including funding of public broadcasters (declining in four out of seven countries), grants, and subsidies for media outlets and government advertising, amounts to several to dozens of millions of euros per country, taking up an important share of media revenues, but without proactive transparency, effective guarantees of editorial independence, well-defined purpose and evaluation, the opportunities to make public funding for the media an important instrument of media democratization remain under-used. • The representation of different age, gender, ethnic, religious, and other groups in media content and in the newsrooms’ staff is limited. In multiethnic communities some policies promote ethnic diversity of media content, while other identity axes are largely neglected and pluralism in public communication is very limited. Women are an important, and in many countries even dominant, workforce in the media, but remain underrepresented in managerial posts." (Executive summary) more

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Entfernte Nachbarn / distant neighbours / vizinhos distantes: Transnationale Öffentlichkeit in afrikanisch-europäischer Nachrichtenberichterstattung

Marcus Kreutler

Wiesbaden: Springer VS (2025), xxii, 351 pp.

"In diesem Buch wird untersucht, ob gleichsprachige Berichterstattung in europäischen und afrikanischen Zeitungen Kennzeichen transnationaler Öffentlichkeit aufweist. Dabei überträgt der Autor ein vor allem mit Blick auf EU-Staaten etabliertes Konzept auf afrikanisch-europäische Länderpaare, d ... more

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World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: Global Report 2022/2025. Journalism: Shaping a World at Peace
Deep Insights

Randy Covington et al.

Paris: UNESCO (2025), 216 pp.

"Free, independent, pluralistic, and professional journalism is key for defending human dignity, advancing justice, and sustaining peace. Yet today, freedom of expression is under assault as seldom before. The 2022/2025 World Trends Report, Journalism: Shaping a World at Peace, underscores the profo ... more

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Communication and democracy in Brazil and Germany: Media accountability, public service media, internet access and right to information

Danilo Rothberg, Susanne Fengler, Fernando Oliveira Paulino, Rogério Christofoletti (eds.)

São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica (2025), 304 pp.

"The expertise brought by three important Brazilian public universities (Unesp, UnB, and UFSC), combined with the knowledge accumulated through research investment by the Technische Universität Dortmund, was taken here as a unique and rich source of knowledge capable of avoiding the pitfalls and ov ... more

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Freedom in the World 2025: The Uphill Battle to Safeguard Rights

Yana Gorokhovskaia, Cathryn Grothe

Washington, DC: Freedom House (2025), 29 pp.

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La alfabetización mediática en Colombia: Una propuesta para la creación de conciencia crítica en los estudios formales y no formales de comunicación

Ricardo Gordo Muskus

Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Tesis Doctoral (2025), 275 pp.

"El concepto de alfabetización mediática (AM), para quienes participaron en el Grupo ComunicArte, ha sido un concepto que ha estado en su formación a partir de las herramientas de aprendizaje y análisis que les ha dotado para construir conocimientos y capacidad crítica al momento de afrontar la ... información de los medios de difusión. Han podido generar habilidades para acceder, analizar, evaluar y crear mensajes a través de diversidad de medios; así, la AM es entendida por esta población como la capacidad que habilita para expresar puntos de vista, pensamientos, opiniones, sobre cómo y lo que informan. El alumnado de la UDistrital, conciben la AM como una herramienta para pensar críticamente y emitir opiniones razonadas gracias a las habilidades, herramientas y conocimientos con los que pueden acceder, analizar, evaluar y crear mensajes a través de diversidad de medios. La AM en la formación de estas dos poblaciones ha sido una herramienta conceptual que les habilita para posicionarse crítica y discursivamente frente a la información de otros medios de difusión. Además, les permite generar contenido mediático de acuerdo a sus necesidades e intereses. No obstante, a estas generalidades, en las que se da a entender que sí hay procesos de AM en la formación, no es algo que se pueda afirmar de manera certera; por lo tanto, es importante que las instituciones colombianas que se dedican a la formación en comunicación profesional o empírica, fortalezcan los procesos de AM, pues tal y como plantea Simons (2017) el profesorado debe estar suficientemente alfabetizado. El estudiantado de la UDistrital cuenta con mayores conocimientos teóricos debido a los contextos de formación. Sus autopercepciones; sin embargo, cuentan con carencias para permitirse interactuar de una manera significativa con los discursos y contenidos mediáticos. Es un aspecto que la universidad debe solucionar, teniendo en cuenta que serán profesionales de la comunicación a futuro y les corresponderá hacer frente a los sistemas mediáticos actuales. Quienes participan de las estrategias comunicativas del Grupo ComunicArte, al preguntarles por la competencia mediática (CM), la entienden preconceptualmente como una capacidad para razonar e interactuar críticamente con y sobre la información que presentan los medios. En la escogencia de selección múltiple de la pregunta que refiere a la definición por CM, en su mayoría la relacionan con las habilidades, conocimientos y actitudes que se asumen para aprovechar de manera efectiva la tecnología comunicativa y así poder actuar frente a los problemas que emergen de la interacción con los medios, identificando estructuras mínimas que los mensajes deben contener y los intereses que hay en quién y cómo se emite. Mientras que, en la UDistrital el estudiantado ve el concepto de CM como una habilidad que les permite poner a prueba sus conocimientos y actitudes para aprovechar de manera efectiva la tecnología comunicativa. A su vez, ayuda a reconocer cuándo una información, creación o producto mediático no cumple con niveles básicos de producción lingüística, técnica, estética, etc. Para las dos poblaciones, los niveles de CM en sus procesos formativos son generalizados; es decir, se poseen algunos conocimientos, actitudes, capacidades, habilidades, etc. que les permiten acceder a una interacción con los distintos medios de difusión; sin embargo, también hay debilidades en la construcción de elementos conceptuales teniendo en cuenta las seis dimensiones que se establecen de CM (Ferrés y Piscitelli, 2012) en este estudio y que se pueden potenciar gracias a los procesos de AM. Las dimensiones de producción y difusión, estética y tecnología, por las respuestas dadas, son con las que estas poblaciones tienen mayores acercamientos; pero queda el interrogante por las otras tres (lenguaje, ideología y valores e interacción) en cuyas respuestas no aparecen de manera explícita. Es importante que la formación reconozca que la integridad de los procesos de la AM debe estar dirigidos hacia la comprensión efectiva de la producción de los mensajes; y esto se logra potenciando la CM a través de las dimensiones propuestas (Ferrés y Piscitelli, 2012). Al preguntar por el pensamiento crítico (PC), quienes participan en el Grupo Comunicarte entienden que es una herramienta que les ayuda a diferenciar tipos de informaciones, mensajes, noticias, que se dan a través de los medios de difusión. Teóricamente, en su mayoría ven al PC como una estrategia que ayuda en la toma de decisiones con el fin de mejorar como comunicadores y comunicadoras, fortaleciendo las habilidades cognitivas e interpretativas. La población estudiantil de la UDistrital, entienden el concepto como una herramienta que se compone de habilidades cognitivas de interpretación, análisis, evaluación, inferencia, explicación y auto regulación. También lo asumen como un ejercicio que permite tomar decisiones individuales y colectivas en relación a proponer y probar puntos de vista e interpretación. Las respuestas en términos generales obligan a que dentro de los procesos formativos se insista en el fortalecimiento en las CM para que estudiantes de comunicación social y periodismo vean la importancia de relacionarse con los sistemas y medios a través de PC; de esta manera la AM pueda estar asegurada en un contexto tecnologizado y mediatizado en los que poco se produce y divulgan contenidos propios, haciendo que los ámbitos de expresión estén por encima de los de análisis, lo que produce que en el estudio de las dimensiones, haya mayor injerencia de la aplicación y actuación sobre la comprensión e interpretación; o sea, se ve que hay formación en cómo se produce una pieza radial, televisiva, digital, etc. Ambas poblaciones ven al PC como un recurso que les permite posicionarse frente a los medios fragmentando los niveles nstrumentales con los cuales se han formado. La dimensión de lenguaje es la que más tiene competencia en estas poblaciones respecto a lo que tiene que ver con el PC; pues en las respuestas se ve el valor que se da a la construcción y producción de contenidos (particularmente en la formación del Grupo ComunicArte) se da importancia al uso cotidiano de palabras, dichos, vocabulario, etc. como aspectos centrales en el proceso de comunicación y, por lo tanto, sentidos. Así mismo en esta población hay entendimiento conceptual en lo que tiene que ver con los procesos de interacción, identificación de enfoques, perspectivas, puntos de vista, ideologías y valores de quiénes informan y cómo informan." (Conclusiones, páginas páginas 209-212) more

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Journalism under Duress: Worlds of Journalism Study Report (Wave 3: 2021–2025)
Deep Insights

Thomas Hanitzsch, Folker Hanusch, Corinna Lauerer, Vera Slavtcheva-Petkova (eds.)

Munich: Ludwig-Maximilian Universität (LMU), WJS Center (2025), 371 pp.

"This report presents findings from the third wave of the Worlds of Journalism Study (WJS3), conducted between 2021 and 2025. In this iteration, we focused on journalists’ perceptions of risk and uncertainty in their profession and sought to identify key factors that shape how journalists navigate ... more

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An overview of digital service taxation

raul Katz

Geneva: ITU (2025), xi, 36 pp.

"The study’s first major conclusion is that taxes imposed both on operators and on consumers remain in place in many countries around the world. At least 74 countries impose taxes on service providers, whether environmentally related, import duties on equipment or VAT on equipment purchases. Simil ... arly, 145 countries impose VAT on mobile services, while 74 apply import duties on mobile devices. Secondly, some nuanced geographic patterns in terms of taxation approaches can be teased out from the data. The group of countries exempting equipment purchases from taxation include advanced economies and some less developed countries. This would indicate that this group is not only composed of countries that do not require equipment taxation to increase revenues but also countries that prioritize maximization of network coverage (stimulated by lower equipment taxes) over tax collection. That said, there appears to be countries, mostly concentrated in the developing world, with some middle-income economies, that still prioritize tax collection from import duties on equipment. Thirdly, unlike with network equipment, many countries were identified that exempt consumer devices from import duty or device-specific taxes. Furthermore, several developing countries were found to tax the import of devices at an extremely high rate. However, some countries have established consumer device taxation approaches aimed at reducing the purchasing acquisition cost. At the other end, some countries appear to have imposed high taxation on consumer devices. In addition to taxes on devices, affordability of telecommunications/ICTs for consumers is affected by VAT paid on mobile telecommunications services, a fairly common practice across countries. Of all services to which VAT is applied, the most prevalent service is outgoing international traffic, where rates range between 2.75 per cent and 20 per cent. Finally, many countries have enacted a digital service tax to address perceived gaps in corporate income-tax systems. This approach imposes a tax on gross receipts derived from digital advertising, data mining and other types of digital platform revenue. A few countries have already implemented national approaches aimed at tackling profit shifting by digital platforms. While many countries did not report the application of digital service taxes in the ITU Tariff Policies Survey, of the 115 nations that provided a response, only 17 reported applying a digital service tax, and the percentage applied varies from 3% (Fance) to 21% (Argentina). This limited evidence prevents us from understanding what the current trend is in this domain." (Conclusion) more

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