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Theories of Change
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"Part A introduces theory of change (ToC) and Hivos’ perspective on ToC thinking: what it is, what you should know before you start, and key features of ToC thinking that you need to understand in order to be able to use the approach effectively and reap the benefits of the process. ‘Theory of C ... more
"This brief offers a simple one-page tool for thinking about the theories of change that underlie public policy advocacy strategies. It first presents the tool and then offers six questions that advocates, and funders working with advocates, can work through to better articulate their theories of ch ... more
"The purpose of this guide is to help managers and development practitioners to really understand what a Theory of Change approach involves and includes, how it can complement and strengthen already existing methods for planning and evaluation, and how to get started on this journey. It introduces t ... more

Design a Theory of Change

Social Velocity (2015), 17 pp.
"Why Create a Theory of Change? It is no longer enough for nonprofits to do “good work.” With growing competition for social change dollars it is absolutely crucial that nonprofits develop their own Theory of Change. Funders, policy makers and board members are increasingly demanding that nonpro ... more
"This article highlights the key areas in which Communication for Development (C4D) can play a role in the aftermath of conflict, with a focus both at the community and at the national level. It provides an overview of the literature that has begun to discuss C4D in the light of peace creation. It i ... more

Theory of Change

Florence: UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti (2014), 13 pp.
"This brief discusses the concept of theory of change in the broader sense of the term, while recognizing that it is sometimes defined more narrowly. A theory of change can be used for strategic planning or programme/policy planning to identify the current situation (in terms of needs and opportunit ... more
"Theory of change is actually a very simple concept. Throughout our work and personal lives we have aims, objectives and ideas about how to achieve our goals, but we rarely take the time to think these through, articulate and scrutinise them. All a theory of change process does is to make these assu ... more
"This brief lays out 10 theories grounded in diverse disciplines and worldviews that have relevance to the world of advocacy and policy change. These theories can help to untangle beliefs and assumptions about the inner workings of the policy making process and identify causal connections supported ... more
"The goal of this document is to improve the effectiveness of DFID programmes and the measurement of their impacts by providing DFID Advisers with the practical skills to develop high quality theories of change, to understand the role they play in programme design and assessment. It is intended for ... more

Practical Approaches to Theories of Change in Conflict, Security, and Justice Programmes. Part I: What They Are, Different Types, How to Develop and Use Them

London: Department for International Development (DFID);Conflict, Crime, and Violence Results Initiative (CCVRI) (2013), 31 pp.
"The goal of this document is to improve the effectiveness of DFID programmes and the measurement of their impacts by providing DFID Advisers with the practical skills to develop high quality theories of change, to understand the role they play in programme design and assessment. It is intended for ... more
"Governments and donor agencies are under increasing pressure to show hard evidence that their interventions are effective and good value for money. Anti-corruption is a challenging field in this regard, with few evidence-based models to draw upon, so both the design and the evaluation of programmes ... more

Understanding and Evaluating Theories of Change

In: Evaluating Peacebuilding Activities in Settings of Conflict and Fragility: Improving Learning for Results
Paris: OECD (2012), pp. 80-86
"Aid work in relation to conflict and peace is often based on approaches, strategies and tactics that are rooted in theories of change (understandings about why particular inputs or activities are expected to achieve intended results [outputs, outcomes and impacts]) that are unstated or ill-defined. ... more

Peacebuilding with Impact: Defining Theories of Change

London: Care International (2012), 12 pp.
"Focusing on theories of change can improve the effectiveness of peacebuilding interventions. A review of 19 peacebuilding projects in three conflict-affected countries found that the process of articulating and reviewing theories of change adds rigour and transparency, clarifies project logic, high ... more

Helpdesk Research Report: Theory of Change Approaches to Post-Conflict Governance Programming

Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (GSDRC), University of Birmingham (2012), 13 pp.
"This research report considers the application of ToC to governance programmes in post-conflict and fragile states. It should be noted that, because of what information is available, the examples reviewed in this report are from post-conflict and least developed (though not necessarily fragile) sta ... more
"[This publication] is for planners and evaluators who are going to facilitate a process for creating a theory of change with community-based programs and community change initiatives. It was designed as a “refresher course” for planners, evaluators, and others who have attended one of the Round ... more

Building Our Understanding: Key Concepts of Evaluation. Applying Theory in the Evaluation of Communication Campaigns

Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC), Healthy Communities Program, Creating a Culture of Healthy Living (2009), 7 pp.
"[...] Fortunately, in the last decade in particular, much progress has been made on incorporating social science theory into both campaign design and evaluation, primarily in the health field. Indeed, evaluators are being encouraged to engage in theory testing and/or logic model development. Findin ... more

Theory of Change: A Practical Tool for Action, Results and Learning

Annie E. Casey Foundation;Organizational Research Services (2004), 45 pp.
"Every community needs a roadmap for change. Instead of bridges, avenues and freeways, this map would illustrate destinations of progress and the routes to travel on the way to achieving progress. The map would also provide commentary about assumptions, such as the final destination, the context for ... more