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European AI Competitiveness Beyond Frontier Models: Insights From AI Startups in Five Strategic Markets

Nicole Lemke

Berlin: Interface – Tech Analysis and Policy Ideas for Europe (2026), 37 pp.

"AI development is frequently described as a race for frontier models. But considerable economic value will also be generated by AI development and adoption in existing markets. This data brief examines where EU competitiveness stands in the five applied markets where most of the EU’s AI startup a ... ctivity in our dataset takes place – horizontal enterprise software, healthcare and life sciences, manufacturing and supply chain, finance and insurance, and research and development tools. Drawing on data from Dealroom.co covering 24,468 active AI startups launched between 2012 and 2025 across the EU, Switzerland, the UK, and the U.S., we compare geographic patterns at the level of regions, countries, and cities through original analysis [...] Manufacturing and supply chain is the only market where the EU accounts for a larger share of AI startups than the U.S., though our data likely underestimates the number of U.S. startups in general. This suggests the competitiveness gap across applied AI markets may be even larger than our data indicates [...] AI startup activity in the EU is geographically dispersed: 75 percent of analysed EU AI startups are spread across 95 cities, with no single hub dominating any market. Paris, Berlin, Amsterdam, Munich, and Stockholm are the largest hubs but together account for only a quarter of EU AI startups. EU city rankings across markets largely reflect general AI startup hub sizes rather than genuine market specialisation – but specialised niches do begin to emerge at the local level, e.g. Munich in manufacturing and supply chain and Barcelona in healthcare and life sciences. As our data skews towards larger startup hubs, specialisation patterns in smaller cities and regions may not be fully captured. Our findings have important implications for policymakers. Europe's challenges in AI competitiveness extend well beyond frontier models. The manufacturing and supply chain market, a strategic priority for the European Commission, presents grounds for cautious optimism, where existing industrial strengths align with national and regional specialisation signals based on AI startup activity, especially in Germany and Munich. The geographically distributed startup activity in the EU can support AI adoption across diverse regional economies and existing industrial strengths. At the same time, it raises questions about whether European hubs can achieve the scale and specialisation needed to compete globally. The technological diversity of AI also presents competitive opportunities that go beyond market specialisation alone. Whether the emerging specialisation patterns identified in this analysis develop into globally competitive positions will depend on continued access to growth capital, compute resources, and cross-border market integration." (Executive summary, pages 3-4) more

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The Sage Handbook of Chinese Digital Media and Communication
Deep Insights

Jian Xu, Shaohua Guo, Weiyu Zhang (eds.)

London; Thousan Oaks (Cailf.) et al.: Sage (2026), 800 pp.

"Spanning activism, governance, labor, industry, everyday life, and research methods, the handbook offers a critical and interdisciplinary survey of the field. It explores how the internet and digital media have reshaped political participation, civil society, and national identity; how state regula ... more

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Grounding Digitalization: Technologies, Materialities, and Spaces

Regula Valérie Burri, Hanna Göbel, Inga Reimers (eds.)

Bielefeld: transcript Verlag (2026), 278 pp.

"Digitalization is usually perceived as an invisible process and its cultural embeddedness as well as its material, spatial, and environmental grounding are often neglected. However, digital technologies and transformations are shaped not only by cultural values, practices, and imaginaries, but also ... more

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AI for Good Innovate for Impact. Interim Report 2025

Geneva: ITU (2025), xxxiv, 828 pp.

"Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping the way we address complex societal challenges, offering new possibilities in areas such as healthcare, climate resilience, education, and digital inclusion. The Innovate for Impact project was launched in 2024 to identify, support, and showcase practical A ... more

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Intelligence artificielle et emploi en Afrique: Analyse des impacts de la digitalisation du travail

Ibrahim Kalil Konaté, Michel Boukar

Robert Beugré Mambé (preface)

Paris: L'Harmattan (2025), 267 pp.

"Ce livre étudie les effets de l’intelligence artificielle (IA) et de la digitalisation sur l’emploi en Afrique, en usant d’une méthodologie à deux articulations. D’une part, l’analyse des effets directs de l’IA : destruction d’emplois traditionnels dans des secteurs-clés (agricult ... more

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How to Break Digital Colonialism in African Software Development

Jan Kroeze

ICTworks, March 5 (2025)

"The promise of technology as a vehicle for African economic development often comes wrapped in the values and norms of the Global North. Western-designed software, pervasive across the Continent, reflects ideologies that may not align with indigenous African values. Digital colonialism is the enfor ... more

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Measuring digital development: The affordability of ICT services 2024

Geneva: ITU (2025), iv, 27 pp.

"This edition’s findings highlight important progress: in 2024, mobile broadband services have become more affordable in most regions and for most income groups, and a growing number of countries are meeting the Broadband Commission’s target of entry-level broadband services costing less than 2 ... more

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The impact of digital transformation on the economy: Econometric modelling

Raul Katz, Fernando Callorda, Juan Jung

Geneva: ITU (2025), xiii, 69 pp.

"This research applies econometric modelling techniques to examine the economic contribution of fixed and mobile broadband as well as digitization around the world. Building on a series of studies published by the ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT) it provides significant evidence on the ... more

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L' économie numérique au Tchad: état des lieux, opportunités et défis

Michel Boukar

Paris: L'Harmattan (2025), 149 pp.

"L’originalité de ce livre est d’aborder l’écosystème africain du numérique dans sa réalité complexe. Le cas spécifique du Tchad met en lumière tous les ressorts de l’inscription du numérique dans ce pays sahélien, pour valoriser le potentiel et porter les défis face aux contraint ... more

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Digitaler Kolonialismus: Wie Tech-Konzerne und Großmächte die Welt unter sich aufteilen
Deep Insights

Ingo Dachwitz, Sven Hilbig

München: Beck (2025), 351 pp.

"Das Versprechen der Digitalen Revolution ist die Heilserzählung unsererZeit. Dieses Buch erzählt eine andere Geschichte: Die des digitalen Kolonialismus. Statt physisches Land einzunehmen, erobern die heutigen Kolonialherren den digitalen Raum. Statt nach Gold und Diamanten lassen sie unter mensc ... more

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An overview of digital service taxation

raul Katz

Geneva: ITU (2025), xi, 36 pp.

"The study’s first major conclusion is that taxes imposed both on operators and on consumers remain in place in many countries around the world. At least 74 countries impose taxes on service providers, whether environmentally related, import duties on equipment or VAT on equipment purchases. Simil ... arly, 145 countries impose VAT on mobile services, while 74 apply import duties on mobile devices. Secondly, some nuanced geographic patterns in terms of taxation approaches can be teased out from the data. The group of countries exempting equipment purchases from taxation include advanced economies and some less developed countries. This would indicate that this group is not only composed of countries that do not require equipment taxation to increase revenues but also countries that prioritize maximization of network coverage (stimulated by lower equipment taxes) over tax collection. That said, there appears to be countries, mostly concentrated in the developing world, with some middle-income economies, that still prioritize tax collection from import duties on equipment. Thirdly, unlike with network equipment, many countries were identified that exempt consumer devices from import duty or device-specific taxes. Furthermore, several developing countries were found to tax the import of devices at an extremely high rate. However, some countries have established consumer device taxation approaches aimed at reducing the purchasing acquisition cost. At the other end, some countries appear to have imposed high taxation on consumer devices. In addition to taxes on devices, affordability of telecommunications/ICTs for consumers is affected by VAT paid on mobile telecommunications services, a fairly common practice across countries. Of all services to which VAT is applied, the most prevalent service is outgoing international traffic, where rates range between 2.75 per cent and 20 per cent. Finally, many countries have enacted a digital service tax to address perceived gaps in corporate income-tax systems. This approach imposes a tax on gross receipts derived from digital advertising, data mining and other types of digital platform revenue. A few countries have already implemented national approaches aimed at tackling profit shifting by digital platforms. While many countries did not report the application of digital service taxes in the ITU Tariff Policies Survey, of the 115 nations that provided a response, only 17 reported applying a digital service tax, and the percentage applied varies from 3% (Fance) to 21% (Argentina). This limited evidence prevents us from understanding what the current trend is in this domain." (Conclusion) more

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Big Tech Must Go! Digital Giants are Destroying our Democracies and Economies. We will stop them
Deep Insights

Martin Andree

Frankfurt; Chicago: Campus Verlag; University of Chicago Press (2025), 285 pp.

"Digital monopolies shape ever larger parts of our lives. The platforms are increasingly controlling the public formation of political opinion and at the same time abolishing our free market economy. Digital expert Martin Andree shows in detail how far the hostile takeover of our society by the tech ... more

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Uneven Connections: A Partial History of the Mobile Phone in Papua New Guinea

Robert John Foster

Canberra: ANU Press (2024), xvi, 221 pp.

"Uneven Connections examines the ways in which liberalisation took hold in Papua New Guinea (PNG) when a unit of the Caribbean-based mobile network operator Digicel Group Ltd. seized the opportunity to compete with the state-sponsored incumbent. The book highlights how mobile phones entered the live ... more

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Communications, media and internet concentration in China, 2019-2021

Min Jiang, Xiaofei Han, Jing Zhang

Global Media & Internet Concentration Project (GMIC); Carleton University (2024), iv, 58 pp.

"Broadly speaking, the Chinese media and internet economy experienced considerable growth from $524.17 billion in 2019 to $652.11 billion in 2021, despite the inhibiting impact of the COVID pandemic on growth in many sectors of the global economy. The Chinese media and internet economy— estimated ... more

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Communications, media and internet concentration in Brazil, 2019-2021

Guillermo Mastrini, Martín Becerra, Ana Bizberge et al.

Global Media & Internet Concentration Project (GMIC); Carleton University (2024), 43 pp.

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The Mobile Economy Asia Pacific 2024

London: GSMA (2024), 50 pp.

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Advancing Cloud and Data Infrastructure Markets: Strategic Directions for Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Natalija Gelvanovska-Garcia, Valva Maciule, Carlo Maria Rossotto

Washington, DC: World Bank (2024), xx, 139 pp.

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Data-centric Authoritarianism: How China's Development of Frontier Technologies Could Globalize Repression

Valentin Weber

Washington DC: National Endowment for Democracy (NED); International Forum for Democratic Studies (2024), 38 pp.

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Communications, media and internet concentration in Mexico, 2019-2021

Rodrigo Gómez, Argelia Muñoz-Larroa, Orlando Rizo Mendoza, Carlos Pérez Cerón

Global Media & Internet Concentration Project (GMIC) (2024), 55 pp.

"The analysis in this report relies on a detailed and comprehensive analysis across 22 distinct markets within three broad sets of industries: (a) Telecommunications and internet access, (b) Online and traditional media services, and (c) Core internet sectors. Through this structured approach, the r ... more

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Digitale Ethik
Deep Insights

Petra Grimm, Kai Erik Trost, Oliver Zöllner (eds.)

Baden-Baden: Nomos; Verlag Karl Alber (2024), 661 pp.

"Das neue umfassende Standardwerk für den Bereich der Digitalen Ethik. Das Handbuch verschafft einen Überblick über die Herausforderungen und Besonderheiten der Ethik im digitalen Raum und versammelt namhafte Expert:innen zu folgenden Themenfeldern: Theoretische Zugänge (Deontologische Ansätze, ... more

The Sage Handbook of Chinese Digital Media and Communication Deep Insights

Digitaler Kolonialismus: Wie Tech-Konzerne und Großmächte die Welt unter sich aufteilen Deep Insights

Big Tech Must Go! Digital Giants are Destroying our Democracies and Economies. We will stop them Deep Insights

Digitale Ethik Deep Insights

The Sage Handbook of Chinese Digital Media and Communication
Deep Insights

Digitaler Kolonialismus: Wie Tech-Konzerne und Großmächte die Welt unter sich aufteilen
Deep Insights

Big Tech Must Go! Digital Giants are Destroying our Democracies and Economies. We will stop them
Deep Insights

Digitale Ethik
Deep Insights