"This Guide updates the learning on Outcome Harvesting + Attitude Change (OH+AC), an adapted version of Outcome Harvesting that adds the consideration of attitudes while upholding Outcome Harvesting’s primary concepts and core principles. Whereas Outcome Harvesting centers behavior change among so
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cial change actors, attitudes can be a valuable addition to Outcome Harvesting wherever inner transformation is essential for achieving the outward behavior change that drives social change program results, or wherever attitudes are particularly central to the worldview of program stakeholders. There has been significant experience and feedback since the trial version OH+AC toolkit, originally published by Tearfund, was launched in 2020. It is time to share what we have learned. One key learning is that most colleagues find it easier to learn OH+AC if they already have a solid grasp of Outcome Harvesting. So, unlike the trial version toolkit, this update is designed for evaluation facilitators with some Outcome Harvesting experience. We assume some evaluation basics, and we keep the reminders of Outcome Harvesting basics to a minimum. However, we do not assume that you are an Outcome Harvesting expert or that English is your first language. We aim to explain the addition of attitude considerations to Outcome Harvesting in a way that is complete and clear." (Introduction, page 7)
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"This toolkit is a step-by-step guide to develop, produce, broadcast, and monitor a social and behavior change (SBC) mass media campaign. The outputs from this creative development process can and should be used to guide the design of additional communication channels in an integrated, mixed-media c
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ampaign, such as community mobilization and outreach activities, although this toolkit does not directly address those activities. This toolkit includes several blank templates with instructions, as well as examples from other SBC campaigns, to adapt to your context.
Using an SBC approach in your campaign increases the likelihood of meaningful change among your intended audience. Without a rigorous process rooted in SBC theory, audience insights, and testing, even a campaign with high appeal and production value may not have the desired impact. Although this toolkit is meant to showcase a gold standard for developing an SBC mass media campaign, few campaigns will follow the exact same steps. Adaptations are encouraged.
Most steps in this document are meant to be followed sequentially. However, we recommend you first read the entire document to identify steps that require significant lead time (e.g., contracting with external vendors such as production studios and creative agencies). Failing to start these activities on time could disrupt later progress." (https://sbclearningcentral.org)
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"Unprecedented social, environmental, political and economic challenges — such as pandemics and epidemics, environmental degradation and community violence — require taking stock of how to promote behaviours that benefit individuals and society at large. In this Review, we synthesize multidiscip
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linary meta-analyses of the individual and social-structural determinants of behaviour (for example, beliefs and norms, respectively) and the efficacy of behavioural change interventions that target them. We find that, across domains, interventions designed to change individual determinants can be ordered by increasing impact as those targeting knowledge, general skills, general attitudes, beliefs, emotions, behavioural skills, behavioural attitudes and habits. Interventions designed to change social-structural determinants can be ordered by increasing impact as legal and administrative sanctions; programmes that increase institutional trustworthiness; interventions to change injunctive norms; monitors and reminders; descriptive norm interventions; material incentives; social support provision; and policies that increase access to a particular behaviour. We find similar patterns for health and environmental behavioural change specifically. Thus, policymakers should focus on interventions that enable individuals to circumvent obstacles to enacting desirable behaviours rather than targeting salient but ineffective determinants of behaviour such as knowledge and beliefs." (Abstract)
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"Child domestic workers (CDWs) in Ethiopia tend to face challenging working conditions with limited access to education. Child domestic work refers to live-in or live-out work done in a household where the child’s biological parents do not reside and which often but does not always include some fo
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rm of remuneration. Child domestic work is common in Addis Ababa as it serves as an entry point into the labour market for girls migrating from rural to urban areas in Ethiopia (Erulkar et al., 2017). Indeed, a recent study estimated the prevalence of domestic work among girls aged 12–17 in Addis Ababa to be 37% (Erulkar et al., 2022). Though domestic work is not necessarily a harmful form of child labour, CDWs in Ethiopia often face mistreatment and abuse from their employers (Population Council and Freedom Fund, 2021). This mistreatment is linked to broader social norms which place CDWs as inferior and less worthy than other members of the household. In an effort to change norms and behaviours towards the treatment of CDWs, the Freedom Fund implemented a norms and behavioural change campaign (NBCC) in 2022. The NBCC targeted employers of CDWs in Addis Ababa. It was funded through the Program to End Modern Slavery, an initiative of the United States Department of State’s Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons and was part of the Freedom Fund’s broader ‘Reducing the Prevalence of Child Domestic Servitude in Ethiopia’ programme. Based on the findings of formative research, the main objectives of the NBCC were to shift norms and behaviours relating to CDWs’ working conditions and access to education. [...] The NBCC reached 57% of employers interviewed during the baseline. Television was by far the main medium through which respondents were exposed to the campaign (95%) followed by online media (13%), physical posters (13%), and community discussions (6%). Using data on recall of campaign materials and participation in campaign activities, respondents were classified into three categories based on level of exposure: no exposure (43%), low exposure (17%), and high exposure (40%). The NBCC’s reach appears to have been uneven as younger respondents, women, and those with more education tended to have a higher level of exposure. Survey findings emphasised the differences in working conditions and access to school between CDWs who are related to their employer and those who are not. Whereas some CDWs are recruited as domestic workers, others are relatives of their employer (for example, a niece) and have been sent by their family to live in Addis Ababa. Those in the first category tend to work longer hours, as reported by their employer (35 per week compared to 24 for those related to their employer) and are less likely to be enrolled in school (25% compared to 75%)." (Executive summary)
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"[This is] a practical tool to guide CRS’ Social and Behavior Change (SBC) work across all program sectors. It provides: an understanding of basic principles of human behavior and social change; definitions of key terms and concepts; explanation of the essential steps in the social and behavior ch
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ange process; description of key, evidence-based, effective SBC processes; checklists and templates to guide teams through planning and implementation of SBC steps and practices; a curated list of resources for staff to consult for more detailed guidance on specific topics." (Page 1)
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"La malnutrition résulte en partie de pratiques alimentaires inappropriées : des repas peu diversifiés souvent en raison du manque de disponibilité ou d’accessibilité d’aliments variés et nutritifs, des connaissances insuffisantes ou un manque de temps pour élaborer des repas sains. Des a
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pproches innovantes de communication pour le changement social et comportemental (CCSC) se développent depuis plusieurs années pour permettre non seulement de comprendre et retenir les comportements promus en matière de nutrition, mais aussi d’encourager et de motiver leur adoption. Celles-ci s’appuient également de plus en plus sur les sciences comportementales et sur la place de l’émotion comme moteur au changement de comportement. Quelles sont les méthodes et les activités permettant de favoriser les interactions et de tester les comportements promus lors des séances de sensibilisation ? Comment mobiliser toutes les personnes concernées et notamment intéresser les hommes aux sujets de nutrition/santé ? Quelles sont les atouts des médias de masse et des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) ? Cette note apporte quelques éclairages sur ces questions à travers des retours d’expériences à Madagascar, au Burkina Faso, au Niger, au Mexique, et au Malawi, qui ont été partagés au cours d’un webinaire." (https://gret.org)
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"Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW), aged 15.24 years, are disproportionately affected by HIV and other sexual and reproductive health (SRH) risks due to varying social, cultural, and economic factors that affect their choices and shape their knowledge, understanding, and practices with regard
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to their health. Social Behavioral Change Communication (SBCC) interventions targeted at strengthening the capabilities of individuals and their networks have supported the demand and uptake of prevention services and participation in biomedical research. However, despite growing global recognition of the domain, high-quality evidence on the effectiveness of SBCC remains scattered. This evidence and gap map (EGM) report characterizes the evidence base on SBCC interventions for strengthening HIV Prevention and Research among AGYW in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), identifying evidence gaps and outlining the scope of future research and program design." (Abstract)
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"Reaching people with your message is one thing, influencing and changing their behaviour is quite another. Behavioural science provides tried and tested methods that help us to better understand how people think and behave. Armed with this knowledge we can design communications that more effectivel
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y influence the decisions people make. This guide includes a checklist that details step by step instructions on how to design, develop and test behaviourally informed communications. It includes, tips, techniques and examples of how the methods outlined have been used successfully around the globe in recent years." (Pages 2-3)
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"Social and behavior change (SBC) is a key component of effective multi-sectoral nutrition activities. High-quality evaluations of SBC components are essential to identifying what went well, what could have been done differently, and how to improve future program design. The tools included here acco
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mpany Evaluating Social and Behavior Change Components of Nutrition Activities: A Design Guide for USAID Staff and Measuring Social and Behavior Change in Nutrition Programs: A Guide for Evaluators. They provide additional support on topics such as how to develop an evaluation statement of work (SOW) and how to determine the most appropriate respondent(s) for a given activity. The table below provides an overview of each tool." (Introduction, page 1)
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"While social media offer an unprecedented opportunity for orchestrating large-scale communication campaigns, it is often difficult to track audience responses on various digital platforms over time and to ascertain if their engagement is aligned with the original intention. In this article, we shar
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e a promising solution—the purposive embedding and tracking of unique content elements as “markers” using text analytics techniques. Four markers were introduced in an Indian melodramatic television serial, Main Kuch Bhi Kar Sakti Hoon (I, A Woman, Can Achieve Anything), which was part of a larger transmedia edutainment initiative in India to promote sanitation, family planning, and gender equality. These markers served as anchors for audience engagement with the originally intended messaging embedded in the narratives as well as for program monitoring and evaluation. We applied various web-based tools to systematically track marker-related engagement on Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube across eight months. We also conducted semantic network analysis to better understand how marker-related social media comments evolved over time. Our investigation of using markers for digital engagement and narrative exchange in MKBKSH makes an important and timely methodological contribution to the scholarship and praxis of social and behavior change communication." (Abstract)
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"The prevalence of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) is rising at an unprecedented rate, and influencing human behavior is often the first line of defense to slow disease transmissions. We synthesize the contributions that social and behavior change research and programming has made in 6 recent EI
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Ds that reached epidemic proportions: HIV, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, Zika virus, Ebola virus disease, and coronavirus disease. Analysis of successful and unsuccessful responses to EID outbreaks suggests 5 primary lessons learned that can be used by social and behavior change (SBC) experts in future EID responses: engage communities, build trust through transparent risk communication, segment audiences for tailored interventions, prioritize behaviors, and cultivate political will and commitment. Incorporating SBC experts into EID responses can reduce mortality and improve efficiency in such precarious and time-sensitive settings." (Key messages)
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"The purpose of the current paper is to provide an overview and describe methods in this emerging field, present use cases, describe a future agenda, and raise central questions to be addressed in future digital health research for behavior change. Digital media for behavior change employs three mai
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n methods: (1) digital media interventions, (2) formative research using digital media, and (3) digital media used to conduct evaluations. We examine use cases across several content areas including healthy weight management, tobacco control, and vaccination uptake, to describe and illustrate the methods and potential impact of this emerging field of study. In the discussion, we note that digital media interventions need to explore the full range of functionality of digital devices and their near-constant role in personal self-management and day-to-day living to maximize opportunities for behavior change. Future experimental research should rigorously examine the effects of variable levels of engagement with, and frequency and intensity of exposure to, multiple forms of digital media for behavior change." (Abstract)
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"To manage the rapid rise of misleading information on the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the pandemic, the Breakthrough ACTION project developed a theory-based rumortracking system to inform Guyana’s COVID-19 communication campaign. The rumor-tracking project used the extended parallel pro
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cessing model (EPPM) to identify and categorize rumors reflecting perceived high versus low vulnerability to COVID-19 and high versus low efficacy of engaging in recommended COVID-19 prevention behaviors. The project designed contextually relevant social and behavior change messages, called “MythBusters,” responded to rumor categories with the following objectives: (1) high perceived vulnerability and high efficacy rumors included a call to action; high perceived vulnerability and low efficacy rumors educated about effective and achievable solutions; (3) low perceived vulnerability and high efficacy rumors educated about risk; and (4) low perceived vulnerability and low efficacy rumors educated about risk and effective and achievable solutions. Results: Most rumors emanated from regions 4 and 8 (29%). Over two-thirds of the rumors (71%) recurred. Rumors were typically related to COVID-19 treatment or prevention (40%) and transmission (35%). Most rumors (48%) reflected low perceived vulnerability and low efficacy, 29% reflected high perceived vulnerability and low efficacy, 13% reflected low perceived vulnerability and high efficacy, and 10% reflected high perceived vulnerability and high efficacy. The project rapidly developed 12 MythBusters from June through December 2020 and integrated them into the national COVID-19 communication campaign, disseminated via radio, television, and Facebook. Estimates indicate that they have reached most of the target Guyanese population." (Abstract)
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"The current systematic review identified seven overall findings with distinct programmatic and research implications for capacity strengthening (CS) in social and behavior change communication (SBCC). First, there is a scarcity of literature about specific evaluation of CS for SBCC. Although CS has
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become a ‘buzz word’ in international development (Hawe et al., 2000), published evaluations of CS activities that aim to build SBCC capacity in LMICs are rare. Only 19 publications met the study’s eligibility criteria, and only three focused solely on CS findings. This review’s findings complement previous literature which has noted that evaluation of CS efforts for SBCC is rare (Lettenmaier et al., 2014). Future evaluations should publish their findings more widely in order to share lessons learned with others interested in implementing CS activities in SBCC and generate further knowledge about what works and what does not work. Second, the review found that among publications that described evaluation findings of CS for SBCC, most did not emphasize the assessment of CS activities. The details of how CS activities were evaluated was often lost in description of large multi-arm interventions that were not focused on SBCC or CS [...] Third, the current systematic review found that evaluation assessments of CS for SBCC generally employ non-experimental designs. Of the reviewed publications, only one described an experimental design [...] Fourth, in terms of the SBCC Capacity Ecosystem, while evaluations commonly addressed organization-level capacity and individual-level competencies, they rarely addressed system-level capacity [...] Fifth, publications highlighted several challenges regarding assessing sustainability of CS activities. Although CS is key to ensuring sustainable gains in development, most publications did not explicitly assess sustainability [...] Sixth, authors identified the shortcomings in terms of quality, both in terms of the writing as well as providing sufficient detail and documentation to support claims. Problems of clarity in the writing, particularly in gray literature, made it difficult to understand what kind of CS activities were most effective at strengthening capacity for SBCC [...] Finally, publications did not consistently support all of their recommendations and conclusions with evaluation findings." (Discussion, page 13-14)
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"The aim of this review is to identify and describe the available literature on effective social media–based behavior change interventions within low- and middle-income countries [...] Results: We identified 1832 studies, of which 108 (5.89%) passed title-abstract review and were evaluated by full
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-text review. In all, 30.6% (33/108) were included in the final analysis. Although 22 studies concluded that the social media intervention was effective, only 13 quantified the level of social media engagement, of which, few used theory (n=8) or a conceptual model (n=5) of behavior change. Conclusions: We identified gaps in the settings of interventions, types and sectors of interventions, length of follow-up, evaluation techniques, use of theoretical and conceptual models, and discussions of the privacy implications of social media use." (Abstract)
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"People are diverse and unpredictable. How can we better understand them and even predict what they’ll do? While we are all different, a growing body of research is revealing there are consistencies in human decisionmaking and behaviour. This research has challenged classical, ‘rational’ model
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s of behaviour used in economics. Social, historical and cultural contexts, the environment and how mental shortcuts shape everyday decision-making are increasingly informing work in this space. Behavioural Science employs evidence and data from people all over the world to design theories that explain – and ideally predict – how and why people make decisions. Behavioural theories and models can provide an evidence-based framework, to analyse, design and evaluate work in SBC." (Page 1)
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"There is momentum for change. The COVID-19 crisis has emphasized the need for quality SBC programming, and has provided opportunities to improve the way we work. Behavioural approaches which have long been adopted outside the development and humanitarian industries are now getting more traction in
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our sector. UNICEF managers have called for the next generation of SBC programmes. As the organization enters its 2022-2025 Strategic Plan, capacities and activities will be progressively aligned with this new vision, so that interventions on the ground continue to diversify and improve over the coming years. This Programme Guidance is a key building block to realize the new vision and strengthen the SBC function. Within UNICEF, this guidance is part of a larger renewed business model which touches upon different strategic and operational components to change our institutional system. This guidance is also designed to be useful to the needs of our many partners outside UNICEF, because building local and national capacities and stronger communities of practice is central to our mission. We want this guidance to fuel interaction and collaboration with local authorities, civil societies, donors and financial partners, the private sector, UN agencies and NGOs. Ultimately, we hope this guidance can support our commitment to helping countries and citizens improve the lives of children." (Vision for SBC, page 2)
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"This document serves as a guide for how to develop a Social and Behaviour Change (SBC) Strategy or Plan for a single-country or multi-country SBC programme. Developing an SBC Strategy hinges upon understanding the unique circumstances and world views of the individuals the strategy seeks to serve.
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These insights will help you design customised solutions for local challenges. By understanding the barriers to certain behaviours, services or a system from the perspective of community members, you will be able to develop more sensitive, evidence-based and human-centred solutions that respond to people’s needs." (Objective, page 1)
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"The Government of Madhya Pradesh is committed to ensure the overall development of all its residents, especially women and children. The Department of Women and Child Development (DWCD) works to sustainably improve health and nutrition outcomes for women of reproductive age and children below 6 yea
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rs, enable holistic development and protection of children and ensure safety, equity and empowerment of women. The department implements the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme for improving maternal and infant nutrition and health. It also implements the Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) and various other schemes and programmes for health, gender equality and women empowerment. Over the years, a lot of progress has been made. However, there are still a few indicators that are not doing well as expected. Census 2011, National Family Health Survey – 4 (2015-16) and NFHS-5 (2019-21) have found that low sex ratio, lack of women empowerment, experiencing gender-based violence, substance abuse, low female literacy, child marriage and small landholdings are some of the determinants of poor health and empowerment of women and children. Individual and community behaviours, attitudes, social norms and practices are some of the reasons for such indicators.
To bring about an improvement in these indicators and positively transform the status of women and children in Madhya Pradesh, a comprehensive state-specific social and behaviour change (SBC) strategy has been developed for DWCD. This strategy is supported by the recommendations provided in the department’s other policies. The state’s Nutrition Policy (2020-30) emphasizes on the importance of designing SBCC plans in local dialects for its acceptability and greater involvement of the community. The centre’s Poshan Abhiyan which DWCD follows stresses on community mobilisation and behaviour change, highlighting the need to take-up sustained efforts requiring multi-pronged approach and bring grass-root synergy and convergence. The state’s Child Protection Policy (2020) also highlights the need to build awareness and stakeholder capacities to strengthen implementation and the enabling environment to ensure child well-being and protection. This document details the SBC strategy which includes thematic area-wise priority and desired behaviours that should be practised by the target groups for improved indicators, barriers and enablers to its adoption, key messages to be communicated and strategic approach and interventions that will facilitate positive change." (Introduction)
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