"This chapter recalls and evaluates international intervention in Macedonia's media landscape immediately after the violent conflict in the country in 2001. It focuses in particular on the media component of the Confidence Building Initiative (CBI), funded by USAID's Office for Transition Initiative and implemented by the International Organization of Migration (IOM), and the chapter draws on my own experience in this field. I headed IOM's media office during that period and worked with other international organizations in Macedonia before and after the conflict. Having had this extensive in-Country engagement allows me to reflect on the long-term effectiveness and impact of CBI by looking at the same media environment some years later. I conclude by arguing that two key changes to the program's approach - greater attention to market forces and greater flexibility in working with public or "state" media - would have ensured more long-term positive impact and would have assisted in furthering overall media development." (Page 125)