"In environments where poor infrastructure, minimal access to technology, and small-scale economies impede the creation or sustainability of mainstream independent media, and in countries where repressive governments limit the ability of professional journalists to operate freely, citizen journalists are filling the gaps. Yet citizen journalists often have no formal journalism training nor - perhaps more critically - any training in the essential roles independent media play in ensuring accountable and transparent government. This report investigates how the U.S. government, international institutions, and private foundations are trying to teach this new cohort of semi-journalists to be media literate." (Executive summary)