What is online hate speech? 5
Hate: an emotion, 7
Globalization of hate, 9
Victims of hate, 10
Hate from the perspective of the victims, 17
Hate from the perspective of the perpetrators, 20
Hate from the perspective of the bystanders, 23
Counter-communication, 26
Content moderation, 32
Psychoeducation, 40
Hate speech and political regulation, 43
Modes of hate speech regulation, 45
Hate speech regulation in Germany, 47
Hate speech regulation in Ireland, 50
Hate speech regulation in the Netherlands, 52
Hate speech regulation in Belgium, 55
Hate speech regulation in Hungary, 58