The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Top Insights
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), 363 pp.
ISBN 978-91-87957-51-2
"To support joint efforts to protect journalism, there is a growing need for research-based knowledge. Acknowledging this need, the aim of this publication is to highlight and fuel journalist safety as a field of research, to encourage worldwide participation, as well as to inspire further dialogues and new research initiatives. The contributions represent diverse perspectives on both empirical and theoretical research and offer many quantitatively and qualitatively informed insights. The articles demonstrate that a new important interdisciplinary research field is in fact emerging, and that the fundamental issue remains identical: Violence and threats against journalists constitute an attack on freedom of expression." (Back cover)
THE STATUS OF SAFETY OF JOURNALISTS. KEY ARTICLES
Journalist Killings and the Responsibility to Report / Simon Cottle, 21
Why the World Became Concerned with Journalistic Safety, and Why the Issue Will Continue to Attract Attention / Guy Berger, 33
The United Nations’ Role in Promoting the Safety of Journalists from 1945 to 2016 / Silvia Chocarro Marcesse, 45
Gendering War and Peace Journalism. New challenges for media research / Berit von der Lippe and Rune Ottosen, 61
Collaboration Is the Future. Doing research in the network era / Thomas Hanitzsch, 71
THE WAY FORWARD
1. REFLECTION, RECONSIDERATION, COLLABORATION
A Country without Mercy. Afghan journalists caught in crossfires / Elisabeth Eide, 81
The Cost of Truth Telling in India. Reporting in the context of intolerance / Pradip Ninan Thomas, 87
Philippine and Global Research on News Media Safety. Crossing disciplines, bridging gaps / Ramon R. Tuazon, Paz H. Diaz and Therese Patricia C. San Diego, 93
UNESCO’s Research Agenda on the Safety of Journalists. Call for new academic research initiatives / Reeta Pöyhtäri, 103
Setting a New Research Agenda. The establishment of a journalism safety research network / Jackie Harrison, 109
Journalism Schools Must Include Safety Courses in Curricula / Magda Abu-Fadil, 113
2. HOW TO MEASURE SAFETY OF JORNALISTS
Assaults against Journalists. We see the tip of the iceberg / Katharine Sarikakis, 119
Measuring Journalism Safety. Methodological challenges / Sara Torsner, 129
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Introduction. Explorations in an Emerging Research Field / Ari Heinonen, 141
1. THREATS AND VIOLENCE AGAINST JOURNALISTS, AND ITS EFFECTS
Tribal Journalists under Fire. Threats, impunity and decision making in reporting on conflict in Pakistan / Syed Irfan Ashraf and Lisa Brooten, 147
How Journalists Survived to Report. Professionalism and risk management in the reporting of terror groups and violent extremism in North East Nigeria / Umaru A. Pate and Hamza Idris, 159
Safety Concerns in the Nigerian Media. What gender dynamics? / Lilian Ngusuur Unaegbu, 171
The Psychological Wellbeing of Iranian Journalists / Anthony Feinstein and Bennis Pavisian, 185
Violence against Indigenous Journalists in Colombia and Latin America / Roy Krøvel, 191
The Dangers of Sports Journalism / Kirsten Sparre, 205
CURRENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
Unwarranted Interference, Fear and Self-censorship among Journalists in Council of Europe Member States / Marilyn Clark and Anna Grech, 221
Internal Threats and Safety of Journalists. A study from India / Sriram Arulchelvan, 227
Australian News Photographers, Safety and Trauma / Fay Anderson, 231
Risk and Resilience among Journalists Covering Potentially Traumatic Events / Trond Idås and Klas Backholm, 235
2. PROTECTION OF JOURNALISTS AND SOURCES
What's Wrong with War Journalism? Why and how legal aspects of conflicts need better reporting / Stig A. Nohrstedt and Rune Ottosen, 241
Embedded Journalism and Its Implications in the Field / Leire Iturregui Mardaras, María José Cantalapiedra González and Leire Moure Peñín, 255
The Protection of Citizen Journalists during Armed Conflicts. A legal approach / Mariateresa Garrido Villareal, 267
How Safe Is It? Being an activist citizen journalist in Turkey / Bora Ataman and Barýþ Çoban, 279
A Story Bigger than Your Life? The safety challenges of journalists reporting on democratization conflicts / Judith Lohner and Sandra Banjac, 289
How Unsafe Contexts and Overlapping Risks Influence Journalism Practice. Evidence from a survey of Mexican journalists / Sallie Hughes and Mireya Márquez-Ramírez, 303
CURRENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
Foreign Correspondents and Local Journalists. A key newsgathering partnership, for safety and for the global public good / Giovanna Dell'Orto, 319
Freedom under Pressure. Threats to journalists' safety in Pakistan / Sadia Jamil, 323
Digital Safety among Nigerian Journalists. Knowledge, attitudes and practice / Olunifesi Adekunle Suraj and Olawale Olaleye, 329
REPUBLICATION
Time to Break the Cycle of Violence against Journalists. Highlights from the UNESCO Director-General's 2016 Report on the Safety of Journalists and the Danger of Impunity. UNESCO, Paris, 2016, 341
Appendix 1: UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, 363
Appendix 2. UNESCO: Towards a Research Agenda on the Safety of Journalists
Journalist Killings and the Responsibility to Report / Simon Cottle, 21
Why the World Became Concerned with Journalistic Safety, and Why the Issue Will Continue to Attract Attention / Guy Berger, 33
The United Nations’ Role in Promoting the Safety of Journalists from 1945 to 2016 / Silvia Chocarro Marcesse, 45
Gendering War and Peace Journalism. New challenges for media research / Berit von der Lippe and Rune Ottosen, 61
Collaboration Is the Future. Doing research in the network era / Thomas Hanitzsch, 71
THE WAY FORWARD
1. REFLECTION, RECONSIDERATION, COLLABORATION
A Country without Mercy. Afghan journalists caught in crossfires / Elisabeth Eide, 81
The Cost of Truth Telling in India. Reporting in the context of intolerance / Pradip Ninan Thomas, 87
Philippine and Global Research on News Media Safety. Crossing disciplines, bridging gaps / Ramon R. Tuazon, Paz H. Diaz and Therese Patricia C. San Diego, 93
UNESCO’s Research Agenda on the Safety of Journalists. Call for new academic research initiatives / Reeta Pöyhtäri, 103
Setting a New Research Agenda. The establishment of a journalism safety research network / Jackie Harrison, 109
Journalism Schools Must Include Safety Courses in Curricula / Magda Abu-Fadil, 113
2. HOW TO MEASURE SAFETY OF JORNALISTS
Assaults against Journalists. We see the tip of the iceberg / Katharine Sarikakis, 119
Measuring Journalism Safety. Methodological challenges / Sara Torsner, 129
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Introduction. Explorations in an Emerging Research Field / Ari Heinonen, 141
1. THREATS AND VIOLENCE AGAINST JOURNALISTS, AND ITS EFFECTS
Tribal Journalists under Fire. Threats, impunity and decision making in reporting on conflict in Pakistan / Syed Irfan Ashraf and Lisa Brooten, 147
How Journalists Survived to Report. Professionalism and risk management in the reporting of terror groups and violent extremism in North East Nigeria / Umaru A. Pate and Hamza Idris, 159
Safety Concerns in the Nigerian Media. What gender dynamics? / Lilian Ngusuur Unaegbu, 171
The Psychological Wellbeing of Iranian Journalists / Anthony Feinstein and Bennis Pavisian, 185
Violence against Indigenous Journalists in Colombia and Latin America / Roy Krøvel, 191
The Dangers of Sports Journalism / Kirsten Sparre, 205
CURRENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
Unwarranted Interference, Fear and Self-censorship among Journalists in Council of Europe Member States / Marilyn Clark and Anna Grech, 221
Internal Threats and Safety of Journalists. A study from India / Sriram Arulchelvan, 227
Australian News Photographers, Safety and Trauma / Fay Anderson, 231
Risk and Resilience among Journalists Covering Potentially Traumatic Events / Trond Idås and Klas Backholm, 235
2. PROTECTION OF JOURNALISTS AND SOURCES
What's Wrong with War Journalism? Why and how legal aspects of conflicts need better reporting / Stig A. Nohrstedt and Rune Ottosen, 241
Embedded Journalism and Its Implications in the Field / Leire Iturregui Mardaras, María José Cantalapiedra González and Leire Moure Peñín, 255
The Protection of Citizen Journalists during Armed Conflicts. A legal approach / Mariateresa Garrido Villareal, 267
How Safe Is It? Being an activist citizen journalist in Turkey / Bora Ataman and Barýþ Çoban, 279
A Story Bigger than Your Life? The safety challenges of journalists reporting on democratization conflicts / Judith Lohner and Sandra Banjac, 289
How Unsafe Contexts and Overlapping Risks Influence Journalism Practice. Evidence from a survey of Mexican journalists / Sallie Hughes and Mireya Márquez-Ramírez, 303
CURRENT RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
Foreign Correspondents and Local Journalists. A key newsgathering partnership, for safety and for the global public good / Giovanna Dell'Orto, 319
Freedom under Pressure. Threats to journalists' safety in Pakistan / Sadia Jamil, 323
Digital Safety among Nigerian Journalists. Knowledge, attitudes and practice / Olunifesi Adekunle Suraj and Olawale Olaleye, 329
REPUBLICATION
Time to Break the Cycle of Violence against Journalists. Highlights from the UNESCO Director-General's 2016 Report on the Safety of Journalists and the Danger of Impunity. UNESCO, Paris, 2016, 341
Appendix 1: UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, 363
Appendix 2. UNESCO: Towards a Research Agenda on the Safety of Journalists
