"This paper derives from a seminar on Media Development and OSCE field missions, which was organised by Press Now and the Netherlands Helsinki Committee, and hosted by the Netherlands Foreign Ministry in The Hague on 16 June 2005. These remarks convey the summary thoughts and practical recommendations that emerged at the seminar, together with our own conclusions as moderators of the event. They amplify the analysis and recommendations offered in Press Now’s 2004 report on media development by selected OSCE missions. Introduction: OSCE missions have done excellent work in media development. At the same time, limited resources have not always been well used. Lessons can be learned from the experiences of a decade and turned into practical proposals. Missions are affected by many variables largely or even fully beyond their control, including but not limited to their mandates, the situation in their host countries (political, military/security, economic, cultural), the level of international interest in their activity, and their staffing. Nevertheless, we believe it has been demonstrated again and again that media development – apart from its importance in its own right – is also a litmus test of a host government’s commitment to other democratisation and liberalisation efforts, and an enabler of such reforms." (Conclusions, page 6)