The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of AI
New York: Oxford University Press (2020), xiv, 881 pp.
Contains index
ISBN 978-0-19-006742-7 (pdf); 978–0–19–006739–7 (print)
"This book explores the intertwining domains of artificial intelligence (AI) and ethics—two highly divergent fields which at first seem to have nothing to do with one another. AI is a collection of computational methods for studying human knowledge, learning, and behavior, including by building agents able to know, learn, and behave. Ethics is a body of human knowledge—far from completely understood—that helps agents (humans today, but perhaps eventually robots and other AIs) decide how they and others should behave. Despite these differences, however, the rapid development in AI technology today has led to a growing number of ethical issues in a multitude of fields, ranging from disciplines as far-reaching as international human rights law to issues as intimate as personal identity and sexuality. In fact, the number and variety of topics in this volume illustrate the width, diversity of content, and at times exasperating vagueness of the boundaries of “AI Ethics” as a domain of inquiry. Within this discourse, the book points to the capacity of sociotechnical systems that utilize data-driven algorithms to classify, to make decisions, and to control complex systems. Given the wide-reaching and often intimate impact these AI systems have on daily human lives, this volume attempts to address the increasingly complicated relations between humanity and artificial intelligence. It considers not only how humanity must conduct themselves toward AI but also how AI must behave toward humanity." (Publisher description)
PART I. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
1 The Artificial Intelligence of the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: An Introductory Overview for Law and Regulation / Joanna J. Bryson, 3
2 The Ethics of the Ethics of AI / Thomas M. Powers and Jean-Gabriel Ganascia, 27
3 Ethical Issues in Our Relationship with Artificial Entities / Judith Donath, 53
PART II. FRAMEWORKS AND MODES
4 AI Governance by Human Rights–Centered Design, Deliberation, and Oversight: An End to Ethics Washing / Karen Yeung, Andrew Howes, and Ganna Pogrebna, 77
5 The Incompatible Incentives of Private-Sector AI / Tom Slee, 107
6 Normative Modes: Codes and Standards / Paula Boddington, 125
7 The Role of Professional Norms in the Governance of Artificial Intelligence / Urs Gasser and Carolyn Schmitt, 141
PART III. CONCEPTS AND ISSUES
8 We’re Missing a Moral Framework of Justice in Artificial Intelligence: On the Limits, Failings, and Ethics of Fairness / Matthew Le Bui and Safiya Umoja Noble, 163
9 Accountability in Computer Systems / Joshua A. Kroll, 181
10 Transparency / Nicholas Diakopoulos, 197
11 Responsibility and Artificial Intelligence / Virginia Dignum, 215
12 The Concept of Handoff as a Model for Ethical Analysis and Design / Deirdre K. Mulligan and Helen Nissenbaum, 233
13 Race and Gender / Timnit Gebru, 253
14 The Future of Work in the Age of AI: Displacement or Risk-Shifting? / Pegah Moradi and Karen Levy, 271
15 AI as a Moral Right-Holder / John Basl and Joseph Bowen, 289
16 Could You Merge with AI? Reflections on the Singularity and Radical Brain Enhancement / Cody Turner and Susan Schneider, 307
17 Are Sentient AIs Persons? / Mark Kingwell, 325
18 Autonomy / Michael Wheeler, 343
19 Troubleshooting AI and Consent / Meg Leta Jones and Elizabeth Edenberg, 359
20 Is Human Judgment Necessary? Artificial Intelligence, Algorithmic Governance, and the Law / Norman W. Spaulding, 375
21 Sexuality / John Danaher, 403
PART IV. PERSPECTIVES AND APPROACHES
22 Perspectives on Ethics of AI: Computer Science / Benjamin Kuipers, 421
23 Social Failure Modes in Technology and the Ethics of AI: An Engineering Perspective / Jason Millar, 443
24 A Human-Centered Approach to AI Ethics: A Perspective from Cognitive Science / Ron Chrisley, 463
25 Integrating Ethical Values and Economic Value to Steer Progress in Artificial Intelligence / Anton Korinek, 475
26 Fairness Criteria through the Lens of Directed Acyclic Graphs: A Statistical Modeling Perspective / Benjamin R. Baer, Daniel E. Gilbert, and Martin T. Wells, 493
27 Automating Origination: Perspectives from the Humanities / Avery Slater, 521
28 Perspectives on Ethics of AI: Philosophy / David J. Gunkel, 539
29 The Complexity of Otherness: Anthropological Contributions to Robots and AI / Kathleen Richardson, 555
30 Calculative Composition: The Ethics of Automating Design / Shannon Mattern, 571
31 AI and the Global South: Designing for Other Worlds / Chinmayi Arun, 589
32 Perspectives and Approaches in AI Ethics: East Asia / Danit Gal, 607
33 Artificial Intelligence and Inequality in the Middle East: The Political Economy of Inclusion / Nagla Rizk, 625
34 Europe: Toward a Policy Framework for Trustworthy AI / Andrea Renda, 651
PART V. CASES AND APPLICATIONS
35 Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Transport / Bryant Walker Smith, 669
36 The Case for Ethical AI in the Military / Jason Scholz and Jai Galliott, 685
37 The Ethics of AI in Biomedical Research, Patient Care, and Public Health / Alessandro Blasimme and Effy Vayena, 703
38 Ethics of AI in Law: Basic Questions / Harry Surden, 719
39 Beyond Bias: “Ethical AI” in Criminal Law / Chelsea Barabas, 737
40 “Fair Notice” in the Age of AI / Kiel Brennan-Marquez, 755
41 AI and Migration Management / Petra Molnar, 769
42 Robot Teaching, Pedagogy, and Policy / Elana Zeide, 789
43 Algorithms and the Social Organization of Work / Ifeoma Ajunwa and Rachel Schlund, 805
44 Smart City Ethics: How “Smart” Challenges Democratic Governance / Ellen P. Goodman, 823
1 The Artificial Intelligence of the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: An Introductory Overview for Law and Regulation / Joanna J. Bryson, 3
2 The Ethics of the Ethics of AI / Thomas M. Powers and Jean-Gabriel Ganascia, 27
3 Ethical Issues in Our Relationship with Artificial Entities / Judith Donath, 53
PART II. FRAMEWORKS AND MODES
4 AI Governance by Human Rights–Centered Design, Deliberation, and Oversight: An End to Ethics Washing / Karen Yeung, Andrew Howes, and Ganna Pogrebna, 77
5 The Incompatible Incentives of Private-Sector AI / Tom Slee, 107
6 Normative Modes: Codes and Standards / Paula Boddington, 125
7 The Role of Professional Norms in the Governance of Artificial Intelligence / Urs Gasser and Carolyn Schmitt, 141
PART III. CONCEPTS AND ISSUES
8 We’re Missing a Moral Framework of Justice in Artificial Intelligence: On the Limits, Failings, and Ethics of Fairness / Matthew Le Bui and Safiya Umoja Noble, 163
9 Accountability in Computer Systems / Joshua A. Kroll, 181
10 Transparency / Nicholas Diakopoulos, 197
11 Responsibility and Artificial Intelligence / Virginia Dignum, 215
12 The Concept of Handoff as a Model for Ethical Analysis and Design / Deirdre K. Mulligan and Helen Nissenbaum, 233
13 Race and Gender / Timnit Gebru, 253
14 The Future of Work in the Age of AI: Displacement or Risk-Shifting? / Pegah Moradi and Karen Levy, 271
15 AI as a Moral Right-Holder / John Basl and Joseph Bowen, 289
16 Could You Merge with AI? Reflections on the Singularity and Radical Brain Enhancement / Cody Turner and Susan Schneider, 307
17 Are Sentient AIs Persons? / Mark Kingwell, 325
18 Autonomy / Michael Wheeler, 343
19 Troubleshooting AI and Consent / Meg Leta Jones and Elizabeth Edenberg, 359
20 Is Human Judgment Necessary? Artificial Intelligence, Algorithmic Governance, and the Law / Norman W. Spaulding, 375
21 Sexuality / John Danaher, 403
PART IV. PERSPECTIVES AND APPROACHES
22 Perspectives on Ethics of AI: Computer Science / Benjamin Kuipers, 421
23 Social Failure Modes in Technology and the Ethics of AI: An Engineering Perspective / Jason Millar, 443
24 A Human-Centered Approach to AI Ethics: A Perspective from Cognitive Science / Ron Chrisley, 463
25 Integrating Ethical Values and Economic Value to Steer Progress in Artificial Intelligence / Anton Korinek, 475
26 Fairness Criteria through the Lens of Directed Acyclic Graphs: A Statistical Modeling Perspective / Benjamin R. Baer, Daniel E. Gilbert, and Martin T. Wells, 493
27 Automating Origination: Perspectives from the Humanities / Avery Slater, 521
28 Perspectives on Ethics of AI: Philosophy / David J. Gunkel, 539
29 The Complexity of Otherness: Anthropological Contributions to Robots and AI / Kathleen Richardson, 555
30 Calculative Composition: The Ethics of Automating Design / Shannon Mattern, 571
31 AI and the Global South: Designing for Other Worlds / Chinmayi Arun, 589
32 Perspectives and Approaches in AI Ethics: East Asia / Danit Gal, 607
33 Artificial Intelligence and Inequality in the Middle East: The Political Economy of Inclusion / Nagla Rizk, 625
34 Europe: Toward a Policy Framework for Trustworthy AI / Andrea Renda, 651
PART V. CASES AND APPLICATIONS
35 Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Transport / Bryant Walker Smith, 669
36 The Case for Ethical AI in the Military / Jason Scholz and Jai Galliott, 685
37 The Ethics of AI in Biomedical Research, Patient Care, and Public Health / Alessandro Blasimme and Effy Vayena, 703
38 Ethics of AI in Law: Basic Questions / Harry Surden, 719
39 Beyond Bias: “Ethical AI” in Criminal Law / Chelsea Barabas, 737
40 “Fair Notice” in the Age of AI / Kiel Brennan-Marquez, 755
41 AI and Migration Management / Petra Molnar, 769
42 Robot Teaching, Pedagogy, and Policy / Elana Zeide, 789
43 Algorithms and the Social Organization of Work / Ifeoma Ajunwa and Rachel Schlund, 805
44 Smart City Ethics: How “Smart” Challenges Democratic Governance / Ellen P. Goodman, 823
