"This entry introduces the concept of violence against journalists and the press. It synthesizes multiple approaches to the phenomenon to create a comprehensive definition, reviews dimensions of violence and the occupational and individual domains in which they create harm, identifies key findings a ... nd gaps in academic and advocacy organization literature, and explores future directions for research on this phenomenon." (Abstract) more

"This article aims to fill a gap in the academic literature on how employees at a media development intermediary construct meaning of their work. Based on in-depth interviews with 18 employees of Internews, this research shows that employees believe the organization has “evolved” from the past t ... o include the entire “information ecosystem” today. Themes that emerged include a focus on information as a solution, an emphasis on local communities, the desire to give voice to marginalized communities, and a practice of listening. Interviewees strictly adhered to official narratives of their work and to contemporary development orthodoxy, perhaps because of group think and participant bias. Despite these narratives, we have to consider the ulterior motives of media development as a neocolonial project. Although some of the results may seem obvious, there is merit in documenting these findings to demystify media development work today." (Abstract) more

"This article aims to make a contribution to the understudied field of gender in media development through a case study of Internews, an international non-governmental organisation that acts as an intermediary between donors and recipients. In February 2018, Internews announced a ‘Gender Equality ... and Women’s Empowerment Strategy’ that builds on a ‘Women’s Initiative’ launched in October 2015. This article examines both the initiative and the strategy within the framework of media development. Findings are based on 18 in-depth interviews with staff members in the United States and abroad from February to July 2016, as well as follow-up correspondence in 2018 and 2019. Interviews showed that earlier gender work at Internews took place in a haphazard fashion, but that the organisation set out to change from one where there was a mere awareness of women, to one were women are intentionally accommodated and included, to being gender transformative. Interviewees argued that it was important to focus on women as half of the world’s population, and that women need to have their voices heard to accurately reflect communities. Finally, interviewees considered how Internews approaches gender equality in places where it may not be an accepted value." (Abstract) more

"Media activism groups work to bring about change in the mainstream media, but their gains are often limited. Drawing on theories of the political function of news in a democracy, media sociology, and feminism, this article focuses on the specific experience of Gender Links, a Southern African gende ... r and media organization founded in 2001. An analysis of institutional materials and 25 in-depth interviews shows that Gender Links is using a professional-technical approach to feminist media activism that is insufficient in bringing about deep and long-term change on an ideological level. It is suggested that Gender Links could benefit from more emphasis on political and countercultural approaches. The research also highlights some of the other dilemmas posed by issues related to funding, networking, the grassroots, press freedom, the profit motive, and the strong backlash from a patriarchal culture." (Abstract) more