"As AI summaries summarise information directly within search results, they can significantly reduce traffic to news publishers. Evidence suggests users are less likely to click through to original sources when AIOs are present on Google, threatening the financial viability of journalism. These impa ... cts from AI summaries and AIOs in particular are unlikely to be evenly distributed and will play out in different ways across the news sector across Europe, with smaller and ad-funded outlets particularly vulnerable, raising concerns about declining media plurality. At the same time, AI-generated summaries often fail to provide accurate and diverse information. Research shows that AI tools disproportionately rely on a narrow set of sources, marginalising smaller publishers. In addition, persistent issues with accuracy – including misleading or incorrect outputs – risk distorting public understanding and weakening trust in information systems. Current regulatory frameworks in both the EU and UK are struggling to address these challenges effectively. While multiple legal instruments are relevant and already in place – including competition law, platform regulation, copyright, and AI governance – none are fully equipped to respond quickly and comprehensively to the harms of monopolisation and the lack of remuneration for media outlets posed by AI summaries. We argue that competition policy offers the most effective and immediate route to intervention, with digital regulation serving as a secondary lever. The UK’s approach, based on flexible, case-specific competition rules, enables faster action through tailored conduct requirements for dominant firms like Google. In contrast, the EU’s framework is broader but slower, relying more heavily on traditional, time-intensive antitrust investigations and ongoing debates around copyright and remuneration for publishers. Both systems offer complementary strengths, and policymakers should learn from each other’s approaches. We therefore recommend a “competition-first” policy package to ensure fairer outcomes. Key measures include enforcing fair ranking and attribution practices, preventing unauthorised use of publisher content, and potentially requiring platforms to compensate news organisations. However, competition policy alone is not the key. We therefore propose additional long-term interventions, including greater transparency through “nutrition labels” for AI-generated content and increased public or democratic funding for journalism. These measures aim to strengthen the resilience and independence of the news sector, ensuring that trustworthy information remains accessible in an information ecosystem shaped by AI. more

"AI development is frequently described as a race for frontier models. But considerable economic value will also be generated by AI development and adoption in existing markets. This data brief examines where EU competitiveness stands in the five applied markets where most of the EU’s AI startup a ... ctivity in our dataset takes place – horizontal enterprise software, healthcare and life sciences, manufacturing and supply chain, finance and insurance, and research and development tools. Drawing on data from Dealroom.co covering 24,468 active AI startups launched between 2012 and 2025 across the EU, Switzerland, the UK, and the U.S., we compare geographic patterns at the level of regions, countries, and cities through original analysis [...] Manufacturing and supply chain is the only market where the EU accounts for a larger share of AI startups than the U.S., though our data likely underestimates the number of U.S. startups in general. This suggests the competitiveness gap across applied AI markets may be even larger than our data indicates [...] AI startup activity in the EU is geographically dispersed: 75 percent of analysed EU AI startups are spread across 95 cities, with no single hub dominating any market. Paris, Berlin, Amsterdam, Munich, and Stockholm are the largest hubs but together account for only a quarter of EU AI startups. EU city rankings across markets largely reflect general AI startup hub sizes rather than genuine market specialisation – but specialised niches do begin to emerge at the local level, e.g. Munich in manufacturing and supply chain and Barcelona in healthcare and life sciences. As our data skews towards larger startup hubs, specialisation patterns in smaller cities and regions may not be fully captured. Our findings have important implications for policymakers. Europe's challenges in AI competitiveness extend well beyond frontier models. The manufacturing and supply chain market, a strategic priority for the European Commission, presents grounds for cautious optimism, where existing industrial strengths align with national and regional specialisation signals based on AI startup activity, especially in Germany and Munich. The geographically distributed startup activity in the EU can support AI adoption across diverse regional economies and existing industrial strengths. At the same time, it raises questions about whether European hubs can achieve the scale and specialisation needed to compete globally. The technological diversity of AI also presents competitive opportunities that go beyond market specialisation alone. Whether the emerging specialisation patterns identified in this analysis develop into globally competitive positions will depend on continued access to growth capital, compute resources, and cross-border market integration." (Executive summary, pages 3-4) more

"AI-driven search-summary features, with Google's AI Overviews (AIOs) being the most promiment example, are rapidly transforming how people access news, with profound implications for our information ecosystem. While AI holds potential to improve access to information, its current deployment risks u ... ndermining the sustainability, diversity, and reliability of news. As AI summaries summarise information directly within search results, they can significantly reduce traffic to news publishers. Evidence suggests users are less likely to click through to original sources when AIOs are present on Google, threatening the financial viability of journalism. These impacts from AI summaries and AIOs in particular are unlikely to be evenly distributed and will play out in different ways across the news sector across Europe, with smaller and ad-funded outlets particularly vulnerable, raising concerns about declining media plurality. At the same time, AI-generated summaries often fail to provide accurate and diverse information. Research shows that AI tools disproportionately rely on a narrow set of sources, marginalising smaller publishers. In addition, persistent issues with accuracy – including misleading or incorrect outputs – risk distorting public understanding and weakening trust in information systems. Current regulatory frameworks in both the EU and UK are struggling to address these challenges effectively. While multiple legal instruments are relevant and already in place – including competition law, platform regulation, copyright, and AI governance – none are fully equipped to respond quickly and comprehensively to the harms of monopolisation and the lack of remuneration for media outlets posed by AI summaries. We argue that competition policy offers the most effective and immediate route to intervention, with digital regulation serving as a secondary lever. The UK’s approach, based on flexible, case-specific competition rules, enables faster action through tailored conduct requirements for dominant firms like Google. In contrast, the EU’s framework is broader but slower, relying more heavily on traditional, time-intensive antitrust investigations and ongoing debates around copyright and remuneration for publishers. Both systems offer complementary strengths, and policymakers should learn from each other’s approaches. We therefore recommend a “competition-first” policy package to ensure fairer outcomes. Key measures include enforcing fair ranking and attribution practices, preventing unauthorised use of publisher content, and potentially requiring platforms to compensate news organisations. However, competition policy alone is not the key. We therefore propose additional long-term interventions, including greater transparency through “nutrition labels” for AI-generated content and increased public or democratic funding for journalism. These measures aim to strengthen the resilience and independence of the news sector, ensuring that trustworthy information remains accessible in an information ecosystem shaped by AI." (Executive summary) more