"Respondents in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) navigate a hybrid information environment in which traditional media, digital platforms, and interpersonal networks all play important roles. Television remains a widely preferred source of news, particularly for information perceived as important or consequential, while Facebook has become a central gateway to everyday news. Family members, community leaders, religious leaders, and other interpersonal networks complement these media by providing additional information and helping respondents verify what they encounter. Rather than relying on a single channel, respondents draw on different combinations of sources depending on the type of information they seek and the circumstances in which they access it.
This information environment is also uneven. Differences in internet access, internet use, preferred news sources, and election information pathways are more evident across age groups and study areas than by gender. Younger respondents generally rely more on digital platforms, whereas older respondents depend more heavily on television while drawing on broader combinations of television, radio, digital, and interpersonal sources. The balance between these information pathways also varies across the seven study areas, underscoring that BARMM respondents do not constitute a single, uniform audience. Gender differences appear in some measures but are generally less pronounced than those associated with age and study area." (Conclusion, page 18)