media development library

“In this study, we investigated the prevalence and nature of hate speech in comments on the posts of Pakistani political journalists on X (formerly Twitter). We applied the mob censorship theory to analyze the hatred spread by commenters aiming to intimidate critical journalists. Our findings indi ... more

"This study discusses the relationship among the various dimensions of populism, hate speech, and disinformation within the political discourse on X (formerly Twitter) in India and Pakistan. Employing manual content analysis, we examined 7,141 posts from both populist and non-populist political lead ... more

"This study sought to examine work-related exposure to trauma and predictors of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms among regional journalists in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, a conflict-ridden area in northwest Pakistan. We recruited 216 KP journalists. Analysis of the surveys re ... more

"Journalists play a critical role in the dissemination of health information to the public. This chapter explores the challenges created by COVID-19 for journalists in Pakistan. It also examines how the pandemic has shed light on the disparities and safety risks in the Pakistani journalism and expos ... more

Analyzing Hateful Comments against Journalists on X in Pakistan

Populism Fuels Hate Speech and Disinformation: Evidence From Political Discourse on X (Formerly Twitter) in India and Pakistan

Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder among regional journalists in Pakistan

Health and Safety Risks to Journalists During Pandemics