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Political Economy of Covert Influence Operations in the 2022 Philippine Elections
Top Insights

Fatima Gaw, Jon Benedik A. Bunquin, Samuel Cabbuag, Jose Mari H. Lanuza, Noreen H. Sapalo, Yusoph Al-Habbyel B.

Internews (2023), 168 pp.

"This report investigates the political economy of covert influence in the 2022 Philippine Elections, with a focus on social media influencers involved in covert political campaigning. This interdisciplinary research (1) examines political influencers and peripheral actors in the field engaged in po ... more

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Dissemination of disinformation on political and electoral processes in Nigeria: An exploratory study

Idayat Hassan

Cogent Arts & Humanities, volume 10, issue 2216983 (2023), 11 pp.

"Increasingly, social media has become a major source of fake news, with disinformation used as a tool in manipulating public opinion and delegitimizing opposing voices. This study explores the influence of the content of social media on traditional media, and the proliferation of disinformation in ... more

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Preserving trust in democracy: The Brazilian Superior Electoral Court's quest to tackle disinformation in elections

Rafael Rubio, Vitor de Andrade Monteiro

South African Journal of International Affairs, volume 30, issue 3 (2023), pp. 497-520

"Trust is the foundation on which democracy is built. Not coincidentally, it is the main victim of attacks by disinformation merchants bent on undermining the electoral process and the democratic environment. This article outlines the efforts of the Brazilian Superior Electoral Court (TSE) to tackle ... more

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Balobaki: La démocratie congolaise à l’heure des réseaux sociaux, des fake news et de la manipulation

Ange Kasongo Adihe

Paris: L'Harmattan (2023), 164 pp.

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Towards a model that measures the impact of disinformation on elections

Jonáš Syrovátka, Nikola Horejš, Sarah Komasová

European View, volume 22, issue 1 (2023), pp. 119-130

"Disinformation represents a danger to the integrity and legitimacy of the electoral process. From our research based on the 2021 Czech parliamentary elections, we introduce a model for measuring the resilience of citizens to disinformation. This model is then used to draw conclusions about the impa ... more

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Lebanon’s Presidential Candidates in the Social Media Debate: No Place for Policy

Karim Safieddine, Jad Safwan, Jad Hani

Metn: Samir Kassir Foundation (2023), 22 pp.

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Eleições, direitos digitais e desinformação: Desafios e aprendizagens a partir da experiência brasileira em 2022

Anna Bentes

Derechos Digitales (2023), 128 pp.

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Digital Citizenship in Africa: Technologies of Agency and Repression

Tony Roberts, Tanja Bosch (eds.)

London et al.: Zed Books (2023), xxi, 234 pp.

"With contributions from scholars across the continent, Digital Citizenship in Africa illustrates how citizens have been using VPNs, encryption, and privacy-protecting browsers to resist limits on their rights to privacy and political speech. This book dramatically expands our understanding of the v ... more

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Parallel Public Spheres: Influence Operations in the 2022 Philippine Elections

Jonathan Corpus Ong, Rossine Fallorina, Jose Mari Hall Lanuza et al.

Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy;Internews (2022), 52 pp.

"This report examines the characteristics and consequences of influence operations in the 2022 presidential election in the Philippines. The report makes three main claims: a) the term "influence operations" provides a broader frame to identify personalities, platforms, and practices that hack publi ... more

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Conteúdo nocivo: A Meta protege a integridade eleitoral no Brasil?

NetLab;Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (2022), 12 pp.

"Analisamos uma amostra do conteúdo denunciado ao TSE, a fim de verificar se, de fato, a Meta removeu ou indicou a presença de desinformação nestas publicações. Os resultados apontam que parcelas expressivas das publicações denunciadas e já diagnosticadas como nocivas por checadores de fato ... more

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Digitale Gesellschaft

Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, volume 72, issue 10-11 (2022), 56 pp.

"Die Coronapandemie hat schonungslos die Schwachstellen der digitalen Gesellschaft aufgedeckt: die Digitalisierungsdefizite der öffentlichen Verwaltung, die schlechte digitale Ausstattung der Schulen und Universitäten, die Monopolstellung internationaler Digitalkonzerne, die Polarisierung in den s ... more

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Elections in Digital Times: A Guide for Electoral Practitioners
Key Guidance

Inspiring Practice

Robert Krimmer, Armin Rabitsch, Nathan Licht Marta Achler

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 146 pp.

"This handbook offers a comprehensive overview of international and regional standards and commitments related to the rights to freedom of expression, access to information, political participation, and privacy in the area of the internet, social media and Artificial Intelligence in elections. It al ... more

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Social Media in Morocco: From Grassroots Activism to Electoral Campaigns

Hayat Douhan, Eleonora Landucci, Lena Richter

Giga Focus Middle East, issue 4 (2022), 11 pp.

"The Moroccan elections of September 2021 were unusual for various reasons. As electoral campaigning took place under pandemic circumstances, social media played a role previously unseen and contributed significantly to the unexpected victory of the National Rally of Independents (RNI), a liberal pa ... more

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Mitigating Election Violence Through Social Media Micro-Influencers: Baseline Report

Rongo University, Center for Media, Democracy, Peace and Security (CMDPS) (2022), 37 pp.

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Lebanon's 2022 Parliamentary Election: A Look into Political Parties' Online Behaviour Vis-à-vis Alternative Candidates

Ralph Baydoun, Yara Al Chehayed

Metn: Samir Kassir Foundation (2022), 132 pp.

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Liquid Disinformation Tactics: Overcoming Social Media Countermeasures through Misleading Content

Ricardo Ribeiro Ferreira

Journalism Practice, volume 16, issue 8 (2022), pp. 1537-1558

"Social media have led to profound transformations in the media ecosystem and new communication dynamics. Such platforms have become a competitive source of information and played a decisive role in facilitating the dissemination of false or misleading content, with a particular impact on recent ele ... more

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Talking to Trolls—How Users Respond to a Coordinated Information Operation and Why They’re so Supportive

Darren L. Linvill, Patrick L. Warren, Amanda E. Moore

Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, volume 27, issue 1, zmab022 (2022), 19 pp.

"Through this research we gained insight into tactics employed by state-backed social media disinformation. With that goal, we explored user interactions with inauthentic Twitter accounts. We used multiple procedures to measure the ways in which users talked with and about the accounts employed by t ... more

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Youth and Disinformation in Malaysia: Strengthening Electoral Integrity

Korbkusol Neelapaichit, Ekmongkhon Puridej, Pemtat Chanhom (ed.)

Bangkog: Asia Centre (2022), vii, 44 pp.

"In 2022, internet penetration and social platform usage reached an all-time high – 43.4% of the total population who use the internet are youth aged between 15-24 years. Youth voters have explicitly become a major target of political parties and their campaign messages. We can expect social media ... more

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Brazil's Electoral Justice Permanent Program on Countering Disinformation: Strategic Plan Elections 2022

Aline Rezende Peres Osorio, Frederico Franco Alvim, Giselly Siqueira et al.

Brasilia: Brazil Superior Electoral Court;Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE) (2022), 61 pp.

"The actions to be developed are distributed in three axes: (i) Inform, aimed at the dissemination of official, reliable and quality information; (ii) Empower, aimed at media literacy and training the whole of society to understand the phenomenon of disinformation and the functioning of the electora ... l process; and (iii) Respond, related to the identification of cases of disinformation and the adoption of strategies, both preventive and repressive, to contain its negative effects. For the 2022 electoral cycle, the first axis has five projects with their own purposes and goals. They are: (i) mass dissemination network of truthful and official information about elections and the Electoral Justice; (ii) chatbot – electoral queries on WhatsApp; (iii) access, dissemination and enhancement of the scope of fact checking on the electoral process; (iv) deepening electoral transparency; (v) development and improvement of other technological tools and digital channels to disseminate true and quality information. In this strategic point, the Court’s action is guided by the preferential position of freedom of expression, in the legal system, by encouraging plurality of information. Likewise, information actions meet the recommendations for “prophylactic” prebunking actions (that is, strategies to reduce citizens’ susceptibility to disinformation by exposing examples of how disinformation operates). The second axis, in turn, includes seven initiatives: (i) training for internal and external audiences on disinformation, on the integrity of Brazilian elections and on the fundamentality of the Electoral Justice as an institution that guarantees democracy; (ii) prevention of the mental health of members, agents and collaborators of the Electoral Justice who deal directly with actions to contain disinformation; (iii) training the internal and external public on the electoral process, including the functions performed by it in the context of the democratic rule of Law; (iv) awareness campaigns on disinformation and media and information education actions for the external public; (v) cooperation and actions to enhance reaching partners’ media and information literacy initiatives; (vi) dialog with political parties and party federations to make them aware of their responsibility in the context of fighting against disinformation; (vii) support to other public institutions to implement actions to confronting disinformation. Finally, the response axis encompasses eight projects: (i) permanent coalition for verification; (ii) engagement of digital platforms and their technological resources in confronting structured networks of disinformation and inauthentic behavior; (iii) reporting channel for mass shooting of content in partnership with WhatsApp; (iv) creating a network to monitor disinformation practices against the electoral process; (v) containment of disinformation on Telegram; (vi) partnership and dialog with the Federal Police and the Electoral Prosecutor Office; (vii) Strategic Cyberintelligence Committee and (viii) review and elaboration of norms that acts against the practice of disinformation in the Electoral Justice, as a way of preventing the phenomenon in question. Concerning to this point, the planning met the parameters of timely response, appreciation of fact checking, importance of engagement and transparency of platforms, as well as the expansion and improvement of channels for complaints." (Presentation, page 5-6) more

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A Democracia aceita os termos e condições? Eleições 2022 e a política com os algoritmos

Andrea Dip, Camila Rocha, Debora Pio et al.

Rio de Janeiro: Heinrich Böll Stiftung (2022), 99 pp.

Political Economy of Covert Influence Operations in the 2022 Philippine Elections Top Insights

Elections in Digital Times: A Guide for Electoral Practitioners Key Guidance Inspiring Practice

Political Economy of Covert Influence Operations in the 2022 Philippine Elections
Top Insights

Elections in Digital Times: A Guide for Electoral Practitioners
Key Guidance

Inspiring Practice