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Rural Media Studies: A Global Perspective
Deep Insights

Rashid Gabdulhakov, Marc Esteve del Valle (eds.)

Bloomsbury Academic (2026), 288 pp.

"Rural Media Studies: A Global Perspective brings together scholars from across the world to examine how digital technologies, platform infrastructures, and evolving media practices are reshaping life beyond metropolitan centers. Although media scholarship has long privileged urban spaces, this volu ... more

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Google Scholar (76)

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How Afghan women amplify their voices through digital activism: A study of global engagement and local cultural resistance

Fardin Ayar

Journal of Multicultural Discourses (2025), pp. 1–24

"Under Taliban rule, Afghan women, who make up more than half of the country’s population, face systematic restrictions in accessing education, employment, and other fundamental rights. Despite efforts to silence their voices, Afghan women have not given up; they have adopted Innovative strategies ... more

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Digitalization & Gender Norms: Learnings from CARE's Digital Pilot for VSLA Members in Rwanda & Uganda

Eric Kaduru, Julia Arnold

Care (2024), 10 pp.

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Understanding the Gender Digital Divide in Nigeria: Learning Brief

USAID; Banyan Global (2023), 7 pp.

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PNG Citizen Media Engagement Report 2023

Media Development Initiative (MDI); ABC International Development (2023), 59 pp.

"Traditional media, specifically, radio, newspaper, and television, are the key sources of information, followed by social media. Social media is a source of information for significantly more youths (aged 18 to 30 years), citizens living in urban areas, or in the Southern region, trending towards f ... urther growth in the future. Even so, radio and newspapers remain the top two information sources across all segments surveyed regardless of gender, age group, region, and density (urban/rural). Trust in information sources has generally declined since 2019, however citizens trust the sources of information they are using and while traditional and social media feature as key information sources, a range of other trustworthy sources of information were identified. In fact, the Church was rated the most trustworthy source of information amongst all demographics surveyed, reinforcing the role of religion in Papua New Guinean communities today, with traditional media following as the next most trusted sources of information. In the FGDs, youth shared stories about misleading information on social media and the internet, and perceived influence and bribery impacting the quality of some stories in traditional media. With 91% of internet users having seen misinformation or disinformation at least occasionally across online platforms, online sources are considered some of the least trustworthy sources of information [...] Mobile phones are the most accessible digital devices in Papua New Guinea, with 79% of citizens using them daily and a further 12% using them a few times a week. Frequency of mobile phone usage increases with educational attainment and is higher amongst those living in urban locations. Rising accessibility of smartphones is also widening the reach of internet and social media services, which continue to be accessed primarily through smartphones. Importantly, 60% of Papua New Guineans use the internet or social media even if only occassionally; usage is higher in urban locations, and the Southern and Momase regions, but declines with age. Half of all citizens use the internet or social media weekly and usage is more frequent with higher educational attainment, but lower for PWD. Using social media is the most popular internet activity, however obtaining information, accessing news, and for entertainment purposes are also popular. Engagement with social media declines with age, while use of internet banking or transferring money increases with age. Facebook is the most popular social media platform with 94% using it weekly, followed closely by WhatsApp at 84%. TikTok, Instagram, and Viber are relatively more popular amongst youths. PWD have the highest variety of social media platforms used weekly of any group and are more likely to use TikTok. Overall, quality of internet services is considered just OK considering affordability, speed, and reliability. Snapshot of Vulnerable Groups: This study examined media coverage, inclusivity, and issue-related measures for four (4) particular groups in society: youth, people with disability (PWD), women, and people living in rural and remote areas. Youth, women and rural citizen issues are being covered, but even so, people would like to see more coverage. There is a lot of room for improvement on PWD coverage. There is a general theme that the media is encouraged to tell stories about these groups, and that these stories should come from these people directly. There is a sense that discussions and stories around youth, PWD, women, and those in rural and remote areas are often sourced from those who are not in these categories. ‘Talk to them, not about them’ would be a good mantra to drive media inclusivity." (Executive summary, pages 5-6) more

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Identity, Social Media and Politics: How Young Emirati Women Make Sense of Female Politicians in the UAE

Leysan Storie, Sarah Marschlich

International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 27, issue 4 (2022), pp. 789-807

"Social media offered new opportunities for politicians to engage with the public. However, little research has explored public perceptions of women politicians and their role in women’s empowerment, especially in non-Western contexts. This study used a qualitative methodology to explore how young ... more

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Why Aren’t Women Part of the Conversation? A Study of the Gender Gap in Social Media Use in India, its Causes and the Implications for Women’s Empowerment
Deep Insights

Aayush Rathi, Ambika Tandon, Arjun Khanna, Sara Chamberlain

BBC Media Action (2022), 12 pp.

"This report summarises learnings from BBC Media Action’s landscaping study of the gendered dimensions of social media access and use in India. It addresses 10 questions that have implications for designing digital solutions for women’s empowerment in India." (Page 2)

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WorldCat (128)

Philippine Digital Cultures: Brokerage Dynamics on YouTube

Cheryll Ruth Soriano, Earvin Charles Cabalquinto

Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press (2022), 240 pp.

"Amid the proliferation of a range of new and ubiquitous online platforms, YouTube, a video-based platform, remains a key driver in the democratisation of creative, playful, vernacular, intimate, as well as political expressions. As a critical node of contemporary communication and digital cultures, ... more

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The Costs of Exclusion: Economic Consequences of the Digital Gender Gap

Ana María Rodríguez Pulgarín, Teddy Woodhouse

Washington, DC: Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI); World Wide Web Foundation (2021), 22 pp.

"Governments are missing out on hundreds of billions of dollars because of the digital gender gap. Closing this gap in the next five years gives policy makers a $524 billion USD opportunity. Across the world, millions of people are still unable to access the internet and participate online — and w ... more

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The Truth Gap: How Misinformation and Disinformation Online Affect the Lives, Learning and Leadership of Girls and Young Women

Sharon Goulds et al.

Surrey: Plan International (2021), 46 pp.

"We surveyed over 26,000 girls and young women in 26 countries. 91% of girls and young women surveyed are concerned about misinformation and/or disinformation online. 40% of those surveyed are extremely or very concerned. Misinformation and disinformation are having a negative impact on 87% of the g ... more

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Cybersafety: The experiences of Ni-Vanuatu women and girls online

Port Vila, Vanuatu: CARE Vanuatu (2021), 42 pp.

"The Girls Online (GO!) Cybersafety project (GO! Cyber) aims to equip young women and girls with the skills and resources to participate meaningfully and safely in cyberspace. The project is implemented by CARE Vanuatu and Sista with the support of Australia’s Cyber and Critical Tech Cooperation P ... more

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Connecting Empowerment: How Social Network Expansion in Women’s Collectives Helps Bridge the Gender Digital Divide

Eric Rice, Sara Chamberlain

London: BBC Media Action (2021), 9 pp.

"This report, based on research conducted with women's empowerment collectives (self help groups, co-operatives, rights-based groups, trade unions) in India in late 2019, explores the relationship between the expansion of women's social networks in collectives, their growing empowerment, and their a ... more

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Promoting Smart Policy Options in Closing the Gender Digital Divide in Uganda

Women of Uganda Network (WOUGNET); Centre for Multilateral Affairs (CfMA) (2021), 11 pp.

"Although the internet facilitates connection, participation, and engagement, there is a need for new and innovative strategies for closing the gender digital divide in Uganda. A socio-economic, political, and robustic legal approach is needed to close the gender digital divide. This requires regula ... more

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Gender Norms, Gendered Work and Intersectional Digital Inequalities in Rwanda

Araba Sey et al.

Research ICT Africa (2021), 58 pp.

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Alternate Realities, Alternate Internets: African Feminist Research for a Feminist Internet

Neema Iyer, Bonnita Nyamwire, Sandra Nabulega

Association for Progressive Communications (APC); International Development Research Centre (IDRC) (2020), 50 pp.

"For the past decade, internet connectivity has been praised for its potential to close the gender gap in Africa. Among the many benefits of digitalization, digital tools enable groups that are marginalized across the intersections of gender, race, sex, class, religion, ability and nationality to pr ... more

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Communication, Development and Social Participation in China

Yuezhi Zhao, Jing Wu (eds.)

Javnost: The Public, volume 27, issue 2 (2020), pp. 97-209

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Taking Stock: Data and Evidence on Gender Equality in Digital Access, Skills and Leadership
Deep Insights

Araba Sey, Nancy Hafkin (eds.)

United Nations University (UNU); Equals Global Partnership (2019), 338 pp.

"1. While gender gaps are observable in most aspects of ICT access, skills and leadership, the picture is complex. There are large regional variations: some countries are close to parity or have even reversed the gender gap on some indicators, while others still have persistent gaps. Individual coun ... tries can have both large and small gaps, depending on the indicator being measured. Interpreting the gaps requires careful and contextualised analysis. 2. Barriers to gender digital equality are generally related to one or more of the following: 1) availability of infrastructure; 2) financial constraints; 3) ICT ability and aptitude; 4) interest and perceived relevance of ICTs; 5) safety and security; and 6) socio-cultural and institutional contexts. Most of these barriers cut across issues of access, skills, and leadership, although they may manifest in slightly different ways. While research has documented these barriers, the evidence from different sources is sometimes contradictory, even within the same country contexts. 3. There is no one conclusive strategy for eliminating gender digital inequalities. Recommendations generally call either for targeting specific contributing factors of gender digital inequality (such as affordability or recruiting practices), or for reshaping deeply ingrained social norms and practices (such as gender stereotypes) that are at the root of gender inequalities. As with the evidence on barriers, research results are sometimes contradictory or nuanced. 4. The dominant approaches to gender equality in ICT access, skills, and leadership mostly frame issues in binary (male/female) terms, thereby masking the relevance of other pertinent identities. Insufficient research has been done on the implications of ICTs for intersectional identities. Data collection should move from binary sexdisaggregation towards finer degrees of status disaggregation in order to recognise multiple and interacting identities (such as sexuality, poverty, class, education, age, disability, and occupation). 5. To ensure privacy and safety as well as full participation in the digital economy, women should have equal opportunities to develop adequate basic and advanced digital skills. Cyberstalking, online harassment, image manipulation, privacy violations, geotracking, and surveillance can compromise women’s and girls’ safety both online and offline. In addition, some evidence suggests the digital transformation of labour may be widening gender wage gaps. These outcomes can be averted with the right types of training combined with social and institutional change. 6. Developments in digital technologies open new pathways to gender diversity and inclusion; however, lack of attention to gender dynamics and differences hampers the potential for true progress. For example, evidence suggests that most women’s work in the digital economy, particularly in the Global South, reinforces existing social divisions. Moreover, artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, designed largely by men, tend to ignore the negative gender implications of their designs. Research, government policy and design principles should include gender awareness and analysis, for example by building in data and privacy protections and avoiding gender stereotypes." (Key findings, page 19-20) more

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L'internet au Maroc: Militantismes, sociabilités et solidarités numériques

Souad Souad Azizi (ed.)

Paris: L'Harmattan (2019), 211 pp.

"Cet ouvrage questionne trois dimensions de l'usage d'Internet au Maroc constituant un enjeu majeur, pour toute société et pour la société marocaine en particulier : la dimension militante, la dimension relationnelle et la dimension solidaire. Les contributions s'articulent autour des trois axes ... more

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Media in the Global Context: Applications and Interventions

Emmanuel K. Ngwainmbi (ed.)

Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2019), xxii, 272 pp.

"This book investigates ways in which global media coverage of conflicts affects the worldviews of the social and cultural values of nationals from the war regions. It identifies the cultural patterns in remote communities that have been 'diluted' by IT and the extent to which the changes impacted t ... more

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Universal Service and Access Funds: An Untapped Resource to Close the Gender Digital Divide

Dhanaraj Thakur, Lauran Potter

Washington, DC: World Wide Web Foundation (2018), 19 pp.

"Over 68% of countries in Africa have a Universal Service and Access Fund (USAF) in place; 62% of these funds are active. Just 3 of the 37 countries with USAFs have universal access policies that explicitly aim to connect women and girls through the fund. Just 23 African countries openly publish det ... more

Rural Media Studies: A Global Perspective Deep Insights

Why Aren’t Women Part of the Conversation? A Study of the Gender Gap in Social Media Use in India, its Causes and the Implications for Women’s Empowerment Deep Insights

Taking Stock: Data and Evidence on Gender Equality in Digital Access, Skills and Leadership Deep Insights

Rural Media Studies: A Global Perspective
Deep Insights

Why Aren’t Women Part of the Conversation? A Study of the Gender Gap in Social Media Use in India, its Causes and the Implications for Women’s Empowerment
Deep Insights

Taking Stock: Data and Evidence on Gender Equality in Digital Access, Skills and Leadership
Deep Insights