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Public Media, State Media
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Research in Media & Communication
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Digital Economies, Digital Societies
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Information Society
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Transition Countries: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
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Press Law & Regulation
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Editorial Independence: Influence of Advertisers
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Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
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Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
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Exile Journalism, Exile Media
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Copyright Law
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OSCE Representative of Freedom of the Media
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Government Communication Strategies
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Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy
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Alternative Press
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Traditional Communication
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Religion and Justice / Peace / Reconciliation
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Terrorism
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Civil Wars
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Russia-Ukraine War <2014-
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Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
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Information Warfare, Psychological Warfare
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Culture and Communication, Culture and Media
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Collective Memory: Violent Conflicts & Wars
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Development Assistance
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Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
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Poverty Reduction: Role of Media
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Digital Communication, Digital Media
2
Digital Media Landscapes
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Multimedia Products & Production
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Blogging, Blogs
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Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
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Digitalization, Digital Transformation
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Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Reporting
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Disinformation & Misinformation Law & Regulation
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Media Commercialisation
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Media Markets
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Training
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Soap Operas & Telenovelas
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Objectivity & Veracity of Reporting
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Media Assistance: Evaluation, Monitoring, Impact Assessment
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Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
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Women (General)
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Women's Magazines, Women's Press
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COVID-19 Communication
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Colonial Legacies
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Developing Countries Reporting & Representation in Foreign / International Media
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Foreign News, International News
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Russia: Foreign Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
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Foreign Policies
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Council of Europe
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Awards & Prizes: Journalism Awards
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Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
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News
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Court Reporting & Media Representation of Judicial System
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Islam: Media Representation & Reporting
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Local Communication & Media
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Media Assistance: Country Strategies & Experiences
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Information Policies
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Civil Rights
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Internet Governance, Internet Policies
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Judiciary & Penal System
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Licensing of Media
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National Security Legislation
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Nationalisation of Media
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Religious Freedom
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Right to Reply, Right of Recitification
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Financing Media, Financial Media Management
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Refugees / Displaced People
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Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
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Government Policies
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Internal Politics
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Military
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Political Transition
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Public Interest
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National Identity & Media, Nationalism & Communication
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Political Communication
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Kompas (Newspaper, Indonesia)
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Manipulation
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Religion and Politics
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Media Sustainability Index (MSI)
2
Statistical Data: Collection, Analysis & Interpretation
2
Social Conflicts, Social Problems
2
Corruption & Combating Corruption
2
Social Change
2
Telecommunications
2
Telecommunication Infrastructure
2
Al-Jazeera
2
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
1
Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities
1
Flow of Information
1
Advertising Markets & Industries
1
Transnational Advertising, International Advertising
1
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
1
Social Movements: Communication Strategies & Practices
1
Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
1
Media Use: Women, Female Media Audiences
1
Print Media Use, Press Readers
1
Media Law & Regulation: Authoritarian Regimes
1
Book Publishing
1
Election Campaigns
1
Catholic Communication Ethics, Catholic Media Ethics
1
Catholic Media
1
Catholic Press
1
Catholic Radios
1
Children and Media
1
Orthodox Churches
1
WACC
1
Film Industries
1
Films
1
Data Protection: Law & Regulation
1
Editorial Independence: Influence of Media Owners
1
Freedom of Expression Lobbying & Communication Rights Campaigning
1
Intellectual Property
1
Open Licensing, Creative Commons, Public Domain
1
Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
1
Internet Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
1
Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
1
History of Press Freedom & Censorship
1
Right to be Forgotten
1
Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP)
1
Communication Strategies
1
Public Relations
1
Alternative Communication & Media
1
Community Radio Regulation & Licensing
1
Community Television
1
Participatory Communication
1
Genocides
1
International Conflicts
1
Conflict-Sensitive Digital Technology Use & Social Media in Prevention & Transformation
1
Conflict-Sensitive / Peace Communication
1
Dealing With the Past
1
Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
1
Hate Speech Legislation & Regulation
1
Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Media Law & Regulation in Conflict Areas
1
Violence in the Media
1
Violence in the Media: Reception & Effects
1
Wars & Political Violence in Arts & Literature
1
Discourse & Discourse Analysis
1
Media Criticism
1
Media Monitoring, Media Observatories
1
Anthropology of Media & Communication
1
Cultural Domination, Media Imperialism, Cultural & Media Dependency
1
Cultural Change
1
Cultural Identity
1
Cultural Studies
1
Literature
1
Authors, Writers
1
Modernization Development Approaches, Developmentalism
1
National Character
1
National Integration
1
Donor Coordination, Funder Collaboration, Aid Harmonsation
1
World Bank
1
Financing Nonprofit Organizations
1
Information For All Programme (IFAP/UNESCO)
1
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
1
Millenium Development Goals (MDG)
1
Good Governance
1
North South Relations
1
Entertainment Education, Edutainment
1
Influence of Media on Development Aid
1
Rural Communication for Development
1
Rural Radio Programmes, Rural Radios, Rural Development & Radio
1
Social Change & Media / Communication
1
Big Digital Platforms, Big Tech Companies
1
Digital Ethics, AI Ethics, Social Media Ethics, Data & Information Ethics
1
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
1
Digital Political Communication
1
Search Engines
1
Facebook
1
Journalistic Social Media Use
1
Telegram
1
YouTube
1
Ethnic / Minority Online Communities & Websites
1
Artificial Intelligence
1
AI Reporting
1
ICT Industries & Markets
1
Information Highway
1
Ethnic Media, Minority Media
1
Ethnic Television, Minority Television
1
LGBT & Communication / Media
1
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Media Policies & Regulations
1
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Racism
1
Romani People
1
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Information Management
1
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
1
Economics of Media
1
Commercial Broadcasting
1
Distribution of Media
1
Game Industries, Game Production
1
Printing Industries
1
Informal Sector, Informal Economy
1
Television Markets
1
Foreign Media Investments, Foreign Media Ownership
1
Private / Commercial Media Ownership
1
Commodities, Raw Materials, Extractive Industries, Mining
1
Poverty & Poverty Reduction
1
Adult Education
1
Education (General)
1
Educational Radios
1
Radio Schools
1
Entertainment and Media / Communication
1
Humour, Parody, Satire
1
Accountability & Transparency of the Media
1
Morals
1
Sexuality: Media Representation, Sexually Explicit Media Content, Pornography
1
Responsibility
1
Evaluation Methods, Evaluation Tools
1
Health Journalism
1
HIV / AIDS Communication
1
Colonial Period
1
Decolonisation & Independence (General)
1
History (General)
1
History of Radio
1
History of Television
1
Indigenous Communication
1
Ethnicity in Communication
1
Indigenous Media, Indigenous Language Media Productions
1
Cross-Cultural Analysis
1
Africa: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
China: Transnational Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
1
Foreign Countries: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Foreign Press, Foreign Language Press
1
Globalisation: Impact on (Local) Media & Communication
1
International Media Associations / Organizations
1
International Press Institute (IPI)
1
International Media & Communication Policies
1
Media in the Global South / Developing Countries
1
International Relations
1
Dependence
1
Diplomacy
1
International Organizations
1
African Union (AU)
1
OECD
1
Windhoek Declaration on Promoting Independent and Pluralistic Media (UNESCO, 1991)
1
International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)
1
Civic Journalism, Public Journalism
1
Journalism Education Curricula
1
Media Assistance: Journalism Education & Training
1
Features
1
Journalistic Research Methods
1
Exiled Journalists
1
Television News
1
Death & Grief: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Drug Trafficking Reporting & Media Representation
1
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
1
Risk Communication
1
Television Journalism
1
Language
1
French Language
1
Language and Media
1
Local Radios, Local Radio Programmes
1
China: Media Assistance
1
European Union: Media Assistance
1
Media Assistance: Donor Organizations
1
Media Assistance: Implementing Organizations
1
Media Assistance: Law & Regulation, Media Policy Consultancies
1
Media Assistance: Lessons Learned
1
Media Assistance: Mapping of Programs & Donors
1
Communication
1
Communication Networks
1
Communication Processes
1
Communication Systems
1
Informal Communication Channels, Networks & Structures
1
Dissemination of Information
1
Presentation of Information
1
Interpersonal Communication, Interpersonal Relations
1
Trust Building: Role of Communication & Media
1
Media Democratization
1
Public Funding & Support Policies for Media
1
Media Literacy: Youth
1
Accreditation of Journalists
1
Confidential Sources, Whistleblowing, Protection of Journalists' Sources
1
Forced Labour & Human Trafficking
1
Human Rights Protection
1
Law, Legislation, Judiciary (General)
1
Law & Regulation: Protection of Confidential Sources & Whistleblowers
1
Financing Public Service Media
1
Media Companies, Media Corporations, Media Enterprises
1
Quality Criteria, Quality Standards
1
Diasporas
1
Music
1
People with Disabilities & Communication / Media
1
Photography
1
Elections
1
Guerillas, Insurgent Groups, Revolutionary Movements
1
Islamization
1
Political Change
1
Political Doctrines
1
Capitalism
1
Socialism
1
Political Movements
1
Political Preferences
1
Political Systems
1
Semi-Authoritarian Regimes & Defective Democracies
1
Shrinking Spaces for Civil Society & Political Actors
1
Parliaments
1
Centralization
1
Agenda Setting
1
Framing
1
Influence of Media on Politics
1
Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers, Elites
1
Special-Interest Magazines
1
Local Newspapers
1
Periodicals
1
Public & State Radios
1
Public & State Television
1
Commercial Radios
1
Radio Progreso (El Progreso, Honduras)
1
University Radios
1
Gatekeeping Function of Media
1
Media Psychology, Communication Psychology
1
Media Reception
1
Ideologies
1
Socialization
1
Confucianism
1
Fundamentalisms (Religious)
1
Hinduism
1
Hinduism and Communication
1
Islamist Communications & Media
1
Judaism and Communication
1
Jewish Media
1
Analysis
1
Qualitative Analysis
1
Empirical Studies
1
Indicators & Indices
1
Freedom of the Press Index (Freedom House)
1
Political Indicators
1
Rural Communication, Media in Rural Areas
1
Apartheid
1
Rohingya
1
Popular Movements
1
Networks & Networking
1
Social Aspects
1
Revolutions
1
Social Control
1
Digital Television
1
Telecommunication Companies, Mobile Phone & Fixed Line Operators
1
Cable Television
1
Commercial Television
1
Al-Hurra (Television Channel)
1
Television Programmes & Genres
1
Television Talk Shows
1
Postcolonial & Decolonial Communication Approaches
1
User-Generated Contents
1
Illustrations, Pictures, Images
1
Visual Cultures
1
Youth Cultures, Youth Milieus, Youth Identities
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
Barriers to Press Freedoms in Central America: Literature Review Report
USAID (2024), 40 pp.
Clearing the Fog of War: Protecting Freedom of Expression in Armed Conflict
London: Article 19 (2024), 60 pp.
Ethiopians support free media holding government accountable
Afrobarometer (2024), 11 pp.
"A large majority (71%) of Ethiopians "agree" or "strongly agree" that the media should "constantly investigate and report on government mistakes and corruption." About six in 10 citizens (59%) endorse the principle that the media "should have the right to publish any views and ideas without governm
...
Mapping Media Freedom: Monitoring Report January-June 2024
Media Freedom Rapid Response (MFRR);European Centre for Press and Media Freedom (ECPMF) (2024), 45 pp.
Chilling Legislation: Tracking the Impact of “Fake News” Laws on Press Freedom Internationally
Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2023), 20 pp.
"The proliferation of misinformation, disinformation, and mal-information (MDM) poses serious challenges to democracy, public safety, and national security. Conversely, these very worries could be used as a front for unjustified ends. There is a global trend toward legislation that may risk infringi
...
Findings Report: The Media Freedom Cohort. The Summit for Democracy 2023
Media Freedom Cohort;Internews;Global Forum for Media Development (GFMD) (2023), 106 pp.
Preparing to publish: How journalists negotiate content restrictions in semi-authoritarian states
International Communication Gazette, volume 85, issue 2 (2023), pp. 120-140
"Journalists act strategically in response to their political environments, using practices like self-censorship to avoid negative repercussions from powerful actors. But what does self-censorship look like in practice? Grounded in theories of policy response and media sociology, this study uses jou
...
The State of Press Freedom in Southern Africa 2023
Harare: Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) (2023), 78 pp.
"The report has, in summary, shown that although there are positive developments across the Southern African region, meeting the international standards is still work in progress and in some instances, states are regressing. There is evidence of a plethora of challenges that hinder the practice of i
...
Annual Report: Journalists Safety and Media Freedom in Somalia, June 2022 -2023
Mogadishu: Somali Mechanism for Safety of Journalists (SMSJ) (2023), 31 pp.
The Evolution of Self-Censorship in Hong Kong Online Journalism: Influences from Digitalization and the State
International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 29, issue 1 (2023), pp. 143-163
"Studies about media self-censorship typically focus on its mechanism in traditional newsroom settings. But how media self-censorship may evolve in online journalism has remained largely unexplored. Using Hong Kong as a case, I examine the digital evolution of media self-censorship in a unique non-d
...
Most Zimbabweans want free media as watchdog over government
Afrobarometer (2023), 13 pp.
"The survey data show that most Zimbabweans treasure a media that is free from the shackles of government interference and that acts as a watchdog over government, investigating and reporting on its mistakes and corruption. Despite this dominant preference, only a minority think the country currentl
...
In the Shadow of Violence: The Pressing Needs of Sudanese Journalists
Berlin: Media in Cooperation and Transition (MiCT) (2023), 58 pp.
Os Angolanos rejeitam as restrições governamentais sobre o direito à informação
Afrobarometer (2023), 11 pp.
"De acordo com a mais recente pesquisa do Afrobarometer, os Angolanos concordam amplamente que a imprensa deve agir como um fiscalizador do governo, investigando os seus erros e os casos de corrupção para os reportar. Os cidadãos valorizam a liberdade de imprensa e rejeitam a noção de que a inf
...
Angolans reject government restrictions on information, say media should report freely
Afrobarometer (2023), 11 pp.
"According to the most recent Afrobarometer survey, Angolans broadly agree that the media should act as a watchdog over the government, constantly investigating and reporting on government mistakes and corruption. Citizens value media freedom and reject the notion that public information should be t
...
"No Internet Means no Work, no Pay, no Food": Internet Shutdowns Deny Access to Basic Rights in "Digital India"
Human Rights Watch (2023), 109 pp.
Pressure & Polarisation: Powering Media Resistance in South Asia
International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2023), 23 pp.
"In this report we explore the complex interface between power and the fundamental human rights of press freedom and freedom of expression. We also document the challenges for media and attacks to journalists in this time, including at least 140 violations, including killings, jailings, legal harass
...
Whose Media Freedom is Being Defended? Norm Contestation in International Media Freedom Campaigns
Journal of Communication, volume 73, issue 2 (2023), pp. 87-100
"This article analyses how international advocacy campaigns approach and define media freedom, and what influences this process. It does this through a two-year case study of the Media Freedom Coalition—an intergovernmental partnership of over 50 countries—that included 55 interviews with key st
...
“It’s the Economy, Stupid!”, Is it Not? The Relationship Between Press Freedom and the Status of the Economy in Western Media Systems
Journalism Studies, volume 24, issue 6 (2023), pp. 715-737
"The existing literature presents several studies which show that the levels of press freedom can affect the state of the economy. What has not thus far been investigated is whether the economy can affect the levels of press freedom, the specific economic conditions that mainly affect it and the dif
...
Informe de hallazgos de la misión internacional sobre libertad de prensa y de expresión en Guatemala
Freedom House;Free Press Unlimited;Reporteros sin Fronteras;Article 19;Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa (FLIP) (2023), 37 pp.
Gavels Against Pens: The Judiciary’s Assault on Journalism in Russia and Turkey
Potsdam: Friedrich Naumann Foundation (2023), 28 pp.
