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Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
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Infrastructural platform violence: How women and queer journalists and activists in Lebanon experience abuse on WhatsApp
New Media & Society (2024), 20 pp.
"Technology-facilitated abuse and violence disproportionately affect marginalized people. While researchers have explored this issue in the context of public-facing social media platforms, less is known about how it plays out on more private messaging apps. This study draws on in-depth interviews wi
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Conceptualizing Journalists’ Safety around the Globe
Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 7 (2023), pp. 1211-1229
"Killings, as the most extreme form of violence against journalists, receive considerable attention, but journalists experience a variety of threats from surveillance to gendered cyber targeting and hate speech, or even the intentional deprivation of their financial basis. This article provides a co
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Not just words: How reputational attacks harm journalists and undermine press freedom
Deep Insights
Vancouver: Global Reporting Centre; University of British Columbia School of Journalism, Writing, and Media (2023), 105 pp.
"Journalists’ reputations are under assault around the world. Among journalists we surveyed, 63% reported at least monthly attacks on their individual reputations — and 19% reported facing them daily. Rates were even higher for attacks on the reputations of their news outlets or the broader news
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"Overall, our study found that many journalists and media workers from minority backgrounds were experiencing online harassment and abuse from members of the public, and that often, this behaviour was considered ‘part of the job’ in the modern, digital environment. While we found some employers
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“Don’t Touch Me”: Sexual Harassments, Digital Threats, and Social Resistance Toward Kuwaiti Female Journalists
In: The Palgrave Handbook of Gender, Media and Communication in the Middle East and North Africa
Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2023), pp. 373-390
"This study examines the obstacles and challenges faced by female journalists in Kuwait. It explores a set of interrelated factors that discourage women from working in the media, such as gender inequality, sexual harassment, threats, social resistance, and cultural barriers. The study uses a mixed
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The Digitization of Harassment: Women Journalists’ Experiences with Online Harassment in the Philippines
Journalism Practice, volume 17, issue 6 (2023), pp. 1198-1213
"Through interviews with women journalists in the Philippines, this study documents and examines their experiences with online harassment. Three main themes stand out. First, we find that online harassment against journalists follows a systematic process that starts from the top, is followed through
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Harassment’s Toll on Democracy: The Effects of Harassment Towards US Journalists
Journalism Practice, volume 17, issue 8 (2023), pp. 1607-1626
"Journalists in democratically “free” countries have faced harassment from those external to the newsroom for decades, though that has recently increased in the United States by many accounts. To assess the effects of such harassment in the United States, 32 journalists were interviewed and more
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The growing norm of sexual harassment in Pakistan’s mainstream and ethnic news media
Media Asia, volume 50, issue 3 (2023), pp. 397-417
"Across time, in a variety of forms and spaces -from homes and workplaces to digital domains of social media- women have become victims of sexual harassment. Over the last couple of years, the world has witnessed appalling cases followed under the #MeToo campaign that has inspired an increasing numb
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“Not Their Fault, but Their Problem”: Organizational Responses to the Online Harassment of Journalists
Journalism Practice, volume 17, issue 4 (2023), pp. 859-874
"Journalists are increasingly reporting that online harassment has become a common feature of their working lives, contributing to experiences of fatigue, anxiety and disconnection from social media as well as their profession. Drawing on interviews with American newsworkers, this study finds at lea
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Online Harassment of Journalists in Zimbabwe: Experiences, Coping Strategies and Implications
In: New Journalism Ecologies in East and Southern Africa: Innovations, Participatory and Newsmaking Cultures
Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2023), pp. 95-111
"This chapter examines the safety risks faced by Zimbabwean journalists as they conduct their day-to-day professional work in online spaces. Given that journalists in Africa are increasingly utilising and adopting social media tools for news production and distribution, it is timely to examine the d
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Hostility Toward the Press: A Synthesis of Terms, Research, and Future Directions in Examining Harassment of Journalists
Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 7 (2023), pp. 1230-1249
"While there is an upsurge of research examining hostility toward the press from those external to the newsroom, there continues to be a lack of critical and robust theoretical foundation and agenda for such inquiry in countries considered to have a democratically free press. Therefore, the objectiv
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Strategic Rituals of Loyalty: When Israeli Journalists Face Digital Hate
Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 10 (2023), pp. 1940–1961
"This article examines how and why Israeli journalists use their military service as a shield in response to online violence and digital hate. This practice, termed here the military-as-alibi strategy, is highly consequential. First, it excludes Israeli citizens who are exempt from military service
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Becoming a Target: Journalists’ Perspectives on Anti-Press Discourse and Experiences with Hate Speech
Journalism Practice, volume 18, issue 2 (2023), pp. 283-300
"In many parts of the world, journalists work in increasingly hostile environments. To better understand the characteristics and implications of hostility against the press in a hybrid regime, this study explores how journalists in Serbia perceive and experience anti-press hate speech. Based on 20 i
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Southern European Journalists’ Perceptions of Discursive Menaces in the Age of (Online) Delegitimization
Politics and Governance, volume 11, issue 2 (2023), pp. 210-220
"In a new communication context, factors such as the rise of hate speech, disinformation, or a precarious financial and employment situation in the media have made discursive menaces gain increasing significance. Threats of this kind challenge the legitimacy of institutional news media and professio
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Unprepared for Reality: Early-Career Journalists Ill-Equipped for Hostility in the Field
Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, volume 78, issue 3 (2023), pp. 301-316
"Scholarly calls surrounding the need to prepare journalism students for hostile encounters and harassment are emerging. Using in-depth interviews with 28 early-career journalists from across the United States, this project underscores a need for content related to hostility within journalism course
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The “Price You Pay” and the “Badge of Honor”: Journalists, Gender, and Harassment
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, volume 100, issue 1 (2023), pp. 193–213
"This article utilizes theoretical concepts of sensemaking and affective events theory to analyze and interpret what type of harassment events journalists experience from readers, viewers, and strangers, and their subsequent emotional responses. Findings indicated journalists experience three forms
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Egypt’s #MeToo Moment: Using Social Media to Help Address Violence Against Women in Egypt
In: Violence Against Women in the Global South: Reporting in the #MeToo Era
Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2023), pp. 173-199
"Adjusting the focus to the time and research of the present, this chapter analyzes two case studies that occurred before and after the revitalization of the global #MeToo movement in 2017. The selected cases investigate how women have used social media platforms to combat VAW. The first case is Daf
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Twitter trolling of Pakistani female journalists: A patriarchal society glance
Media, Culture & Society, volume 45, issue 6 (2023), pp. 1303-1314
"The incorporation of new media technology into journalistic practices led to online harassment, particularly of female journalists. The researchers investigated the tweets of four prominent Pakistani female journalists through the lens of post-colonial feminism and symbolic violence. The qualitativ
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Safety concerns and awareness of safety measures among female journalists reporting elections in Nigeria
Seybold Report, volume 18, issue 7 (2023), pp. 2402-2419
"Female journalists often face a dual challenge when reporting on elections, grappling with routine attacks both as women and as professionals. This study aims to explore the safety concerns of female journalists covering elections in Lagos state, Nigeria, and investigate their attitudes towards the
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