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Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
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Hate Speech on Social Media: A Global Approach
Covilhã (PO); Qutio (EC): LabCom; University of Beira Interior; PUCE Publications Centre (2023), 302 pp.
"Hate speech is more complex and diverse on social media. It spreads at high speed and can impact behaviors beyond the borders where it originates. Hate is ubiquitous, interactive, and multimedia. It is available 24/7, reaching a much larger audience. On social media, haters can be anonymous and fin
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Fair Game: The Endangered Media Space for Foreign Correspondents Inside China 2022
Brussels: International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2022), 10 pp.
"This report focuses on Beijing's efforts to control domestic reporting by resident foreign journalists. It is based on interviews conducted by the IFJ in December 2021 with 19 current or recent correspondents from nine countries, who work across print and broadcast and whose experience in China ran
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Protecting journalists from harassment: Comparing existing protection mechanisms and the effects on democracy
In: Success and failure in news media performance: Comparative analysis in the Media for Democracy Monitor 2021
Gothenburg: Nordicom (2022), pp. 59-77
"There is a quickly increasing body of studies and reports on harassment and intimidation of journalists around the world. These series of acts have a chilling effect on media freedom and journalists’ freedom of expression. The research literature on the topic has mostly focused on intimidation an
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Media Environment 2022: Threats and Supportive Instruments in Georgia
Tbilisi: Media and Communication Educational and Research Center "Media Voice" (2022), 76 pp.
"The purpose of this study is to assess the threats and supporting mechanisms present in the Georgian media environment in 2022. Observation of the media environment, similar to the previous year’s research, was based on the evaluation of the participants involved in the research and further compa
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More than just collateral damage. Ramifications of the pandemic for freedom of the press
Publizistik, volume 67 (2022), pp. 31–50
"Confronted with a situation that was new to everyone, world leaders sought the best way to contain the pandemic caused by the coronavirus. The measures introduced, with lockdowns and curfews, affected fundamental rights such as freedom of movement and assembly, with implications for freedom of expr
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Counter digital revolution, disinformation, and journalistic constraints in Arab media
Journalism Research/Journalistik, volume 3, issue 5 (2022), pp. 234-252
"The spread of social media platforms ushered the beginning of an unprecedented communication era, which is borderless, immediate, widespread, and defies restrictions and censorship. Digital technology aided the spread of democracy and freedom of expression and helped to overthrow some Arab regimes
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Brief No.1: Media Restrictions and the Implications for Gender Equality in Afghanistan
Kabul: UN Women (2022), 29 pp.
"After nearly 20 years of international investment and successful efforts to build a diverse media landscape and strengthen journalism standards, the Afghan media sector has fundamentally changed for the worse since the Taliban (also referred herein to as the de facto authorities) takeover on 15 Aug
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Embedded authoritarianism: The politics of poor press freedom in Indian Kashmir
Media, Culture & Society, volume 44, issue 3 (2022), pp. 613–624
"The current article explores journalism practice amid waning press freedom in Indian Kashmir. Contextualising the recent renovation and introduction of authoritative new media policy 2020, the article maps the constant struggles of the journalists in the region. I consulted five working journalists
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“They’ll Get You no Matter What”: Morocco’s Playbook to Crush Dissent
Human Rights Watch (2022), 134 pp.
"This report examines eight cases of police and/or judicial harassment targeting known Moroccan dissidents, and two cases targeting independent media institutions. The report examines in detail 12 cases tried by Morocco courts." (Methodology)
A Guide to Protecting Newsrooms and Journalists Against Online Violence
International Women's Media Foundation (IWMF) (2022), 45 pp.
"This guide is designed for newsroom management who want to create and implement online abuse policies to better protect their staff. The guide will: help you think through which policies are best suited to your newsroom; provide you with stand-alone policy templates you can adapt to the needs of yo
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“I Really Wanted Them to Have My Back, but They Didn’t”—Structural Barriers to Addressing Gendered Online Violence against Journalists
Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 10 (2022), pp. 1809-1828
"Despite rising scholarly interest in online violence as an “occupational hazard” for journalists, we know little about the dynamics that shape the often-limited support given by media organizations to media workers affected by online violence. In this study, I explore how the working environmen
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Evaluation of Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists in Nigeria
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, volume 6, issue 2 (2022), pp. 125-133
"The freedom of expression and Journalists* safety, as well as other media practitioners have become an issue of debate on press freedom and the working condition of reporters following untoward development on the media space which has become a preoccupation with journalism professional organization
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Afghan Media under the Taliban: Restrictions and Violations
Afghanistan Human Rights and Democracy Organization (AHRDO) (2022), 48 pp.
"[...] Since returning to power in August 2021, the Taliban has imposed a new media control regime, which has three key features: restriction, gender-discrimination, and repression with impunity. First, the Taliban has passed several media policies, imposing extreme constraints on press freedom and
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“Who’s Going to be a Creep Today?” Understanding the Social Media Experiences of Women Broadcast Journalists
Social Media + Society, volume 8, issue 2 (2022), 10 pp.
"Reports of the online harassment of journalists have continued to increase as more newsrooms place higher emphasis on social media engagement with audiences. However, this harassment is subject to gendered dynamics, as women journalists are most often the target of online abuse, and the attacks the
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Risks and Resilience in the Case of Brazilian Female Journalists: How Women Perceive Violence Against Media Professionals and Cope with its Effects
Journalism Studies, volume 24, issue 7 (2022), pp. 956-975
"The article examines how Brazilian women journalists claim gender-related issues influence the risks they experience in their professional routines and private life. Data was collected through 31 semi-structured interviews with female professionals who experienced episodes of violence during the co
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"Online harassment is a major societal challenge that impacts multiple communities. Some members of community, like female journalists and activists, bear significantly higher impacts since their profession requires easy accessibility, transparency about their identity, and involves highlighting sto
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Lights Out: Is This the End for Hong Kong's Media?
Brussels: International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2022), 11 pp.
"The transformation of Hong Kong is “unstoppable,” as one official has said. And journalists should not expect any special privileges. Journalists, including foreign journalists, are welcome. But they must stick to reporting basic facts, not align with what Beijing called the “anti-China force
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Expanding the Analytical Boundaries of Mob Censorship: How Technology and Infrastructure Enable Novel Threats to Journalists and Strategies for Mitigation
Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 10 (2022), pp. 1848-1867
"Mob censorship, which “expresses the will of ordinary citizens to exert power over journalists through discursive violence” is traditionally considered a grassroots phenomenon. However, within technically mediated systems, who is behind the mob is sometimes unclear. We therefore ask how the tec
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A Matter of Organisational Silence: Media Managers Struggling to Make Sense of the Online Harassment of Journalists as a Collective Issue in Journalism
Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 10 (2022), pp. 1868-1885
"The online harassment of journalists is a phenomenon which has been on the rise in Europe over the last decade and it affects journalists' working lives. As an expression of mob censorship, online harassment raises questions about how media organisations react to online aggressions targeting their
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Digital (In)Security in Latin America: The Dimensions of Social Media Violence against the Press and Journalists’ Coping Strategies
Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 10 (2022), pp. 1829-1847
"As the journalism industry faces increasing risk and insecurity in the digital environment, there is still much to know about how journalists are reacting to and internalizing online harassment, and what the consequences are for their routines. Approaching the problem from a socio-technical perspec
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