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World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: Special Digital Focus 2015
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Paris: UNESCO (2015), 197 pp.

"With a focus on online hate speech, protection of journalism sources, the role of internet intermediaries in fostering freedom online, and the safety of journalists, the report highlights the importance of new actors in promoting and protecting freedom of expression online and off-line." (Back cove ... more

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Shooting the Messengers

Barbara Trionfi

British Journalism Review, volume 26, issue 3 (2015), pp. 49-54

"It's going to be hard, but we must keep fighting the gangsters and governments that attack journalists, says a seasoned campaigner." (Abstract)

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Making Secondary Trauma a Primary Issue: A Study of Eyewitness Media and Vicarious Trauma on the Digital Frontline

Sam Dubberley, Elizabeth Griffin, Haluk Mert Bal

Istanbul: Eyewitness Media Hub (2015), 69 pp.

"The rapid and incredible growth of eyewitness media (also known as user-generated content or UGC) has led to the emergence of a new cadre of journalists, humanitarian and human rights professionals whose job it is to seek out, verify and edit the most disturbing and traumatic raw images captured by ... non professionals and posted online. These professionals are tasked with viewing and sifting through massive volumes of eyewitness media - that is, raw, unedited, authentic footage now captured regularly on smartphones - to enhance their investigations, reporting, operations, prosecutions and advocacy. Professionals who work with eyewitness media watch disturbing footage from war zones, natural and manmade disasters and accidents over and over again to verify its veracity and to edit out images that are deemed too extreme for viewing by the general public. Viewing traumatic images of death, destruction, blood and unimaginable horrors all day every day - often for years on end - is now an integral part of the daily work of many desk-bound staff working for news, human rights and humanitarian organisations who are often located thousands of miles away from where the actual horrors occur. Whether it is a broadcaster, publisher, human rights or humanitarian professional, symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are now evident amongst staff working in offices on what we call the digital frontline. This study builds upon previous research that proved that viewing distressing eyewitness media can lead psychological injury, including, but not restricted to, such conditions as PTSD and major depression. The principle aim of this research is to explore the following questions: How much distressing eyewitness media are professionals, who work in the three professional sectors, watching? How frequently, and in what volumes are professionals viewing distressing eyewitness media? What kinds of eyewitness media do professionals find particularly distressing?" What coping mechanisms, if any, have been developed by staff to help mitigate the potentially negative effects of viewing distressing content? - What support, if any, do professionals receive from their organisations and senior managers? - Does organisational culture encourage or prevent professionals from requesting support from their organisation’s hierarchy? What training and preparation is provided to raise awareness of or mitigate the adverse impact of trauma exposure on university graduates, newcomers and those established in post? What resources do organisations provide to prevent, mitigate and treat the adverse impact of trauma exposure? Which of those resources have been used? Which are found to be the most useful? What do staff who experience vicarious trauma need and expect from their organisations in order to support them? Based on an online survey (to which we received 209 responses from people working with eyewitness media across all three professional sectors) and 38 in-depth, anonymous interviews we find that: the impact of eyewitness media on journalism, human rights and humanitarian work means that the frontline is no longer geographic. A new type of frontline has emerged that is digital. Staff at an organisation’s headquarters who work with eyewitness media do so daily and often see more horror on a daily basis compared to their counterparts deployed in the field. Consequently, organisations have a duty of care towards office based staff working on the digital frontline who are at serious risk of vicarious trauma and PTSD [...] " (Executive summary, page 3-5) more

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Secrets, lies, and journalist-spies: The contemporary moral dilemma for Bulgarian media professionals

Lada Trifonova Price

International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 20, issue 2 (2015), pp. 185-203

"The subject of this article is the issue of journalist-spies in the Bulgarian media before and after the fall of communism in 1989. The focus is on the perceptions of Bulgarian journalists on the role alleged secret service collaborators played, and continue to play, in the postcommunist society an ... more

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Journalism in times of violence: Social media use by US and Mexican journalists working in northern Mexico

Jeannine E Relly, Celeste González de Bustamante

Digital Journalism, volume 2, issue 4 (2014), pp. 507-523

"Mexico ranks as one of the most violent countries in the world for journalists, and especially for those who work on the country’s periphery such as its northern border. Given the dire situation for Mexican reporters covering the northern part of the country, and the continued responsibility of U ... more

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On Media, Social Movements, and Uprisings: Lessons from Afghanistan, Its Neighbors, and Beyond

Wazhmah Osman

Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, volume 39, issue 4 (2014), pp. 874-887

"From Tehran to Tahrir Square to Gezi Park-to mention only three key sites of protest made prominent in 2013-social media has been lauded as one of the key factors enabling popular uprisings and social movements. This has provided further hype for new or digital media, which were already being toute ... more

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Journalist in Africa: A high-risk profession under threat

Marie-Soleil Frère

Journal of African Media Studies, volume 6, issue 2 (2014), pp. 181-198

"Every year, several international organizations monitoring press freedom worldwide issue reports in which they underline the occupational hazards faced by journalists while reporting. Some African countries, such as Eritrea, Sudan, Somalia or Equatorial Guinea, have been regularly pinpointed at the ... more

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SaferJourno: Digital Security Resources for Media Trainers

Manisha Aryal, Dylan Jones

Washington, DC; Arcata, Calif.: Internews (2014), 126 pp.

"The six modules [...] are designed to help trainers integrate digital safety and online security topics into their media training. The modules do not assume that the trainer has special knowledge of the subject. While we wrote the toolkit with journalism trainers in mind, we believe that the module ... more

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Belarus: Time for Media Reform. Policy Paper on Media Freedom in Belarus

Andrei Aliaksandrau, Andrei Bastunets

Index on Censorship;Belarusian Association of Journalists (BAJ) (2014), 27 pp.

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World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development

Paris: UNESCO (2014), 105 pp.

"The overarching global trend with respect to media freedom, pluralism, independence and the safety of journalists over the past several years is that of disruption and change brought on by technology, and to a lesser extent, the global financial crisis. These trends have impacted traditional econom ... more

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A High-Risk Profession: Risks and Costs for Mexican Democracy of Journalists in the Middle of the War against Drug Trafficking

José Antonio Rosique Cañas, Gloria Rosique Cedillo

In: Using the Narcotrafico Threat to Build Public Administration Capacity between the US and Mexico

Donald E. Klingner; Roberto Moreno Espinosa (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2014), 18 pp.

"Journalism in Mexico has become a high-risk profession. With 137 journalists killed and 14 missing since the start of the “drug wars” there, Mexico has become the Latin American country with the most crimes against journalists (Rodríguez Olvera, 2011). Between 2000 and 2011, the National Commi ... more

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OSCE Safety of Journalists Guidebook

William Horsley

Vienna: OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, 2nd ed. (2014), 98 pp.

"This book sets forth the issues to be considered by the OSCE participating States when evaluating what they can do to improve the climate for journalists in their countries. It also provides a practical guide which presents the steps they can take to ensure a media-friendly environment." (https://w ... more

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Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 18 December 2013: 68/163. The Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity

United Nations, General Assembly (2014), 3 pp.

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Honduras: Journalism in the Shadow of Impunity

Kaitlin Owens

London: PEN International (2014), 89 pp.

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The Safety of Journalists and the Danger of Impunity

Paris: UNESCO, International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) (2014), 58 pp.

"This report provides analysis of the 593 killings of journalists as condemned by the Director-General of UNESCO between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2013 with an emphasis on cases which took place in 2012 and 2013. With 123 killings, 2012 constitutes the deadliest year for journalists since the r ... more

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Towards an effective framework of protection for the work of journalists and an end to impunity. Strasbourg, 3 November 2014: Rapporteur's conclusions

Tarlach McGonagle

Strasbourg: Seminar and Inter-regional Dialogue on the Protection of Journalists;Council of Europe;UNESCO;Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM), University of Sheffield (2014), 15 pp.

"This seminar generated discussions that were as detailed as they were dynamic. The present conclusions attempt to give a representative sense of those discussions rather than a full summary, as such. A wealth of materials – seminar presentations, a full transcript of the discussions and related i ... more

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The Main Challenges for the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media

Dunja Mijatovic

Security and Human Rights, volume 24 (2014), pp. 325-332

"This article focuses on the interdependence between security and human rights. The author advocates that freedom of expression and free media – two basic human rights – play increasingly important roles in fostering a meaningful debate on security issues and that they can help us to effectively ... more

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Safety and Solidarity for Journalists in Ukraine 2014: A Handbook for Journalists Unions Facing a Crisis

Boris Timoshenko, Yuriy Lukanov, Oliver Money-Kyrle

Brussels: International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2014), 44 pp.

"Throughout 2014 the IFJ and EFJ have been working hand in hand with affiliates, the National Union of Journalists of Ukraine, the Independent Media Trade Union of Ukraine and the Russian Union of Journalists to support their members in the field, condemn the intimidation of journalists and manipula ... more

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War Reporters Under Threat: The United States and Media Freedom

Chris Paterson

Pluto Press (2014), x, 222 pp.

"War Reporters Under Threat describes the threat of violence facing war reporters from the United States government and some of its closest allies. Chris Paterson argues that what should have been the lesson for the press following the invasion of Iraq - that they will be treated instrumentally by t ... more

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The Campaign for Justice: Press Freedom in South Asia 2013-14

Laxmi Murthy (ed.)

Brussels: International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2014), 81 pp.

World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: Special Digital Focus 2015 Top Insights

World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: Special Digital Focus 2015
Top Insights