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Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
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Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
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Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
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War Reporting
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Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
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Information Needs & Media Use: Refugees & Displaced People
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Military: Communication Strategies & Practices
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Humanitarian Interventions
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Iraq War (2003)
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Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
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Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
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Journalism Ethics
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UNESCO
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Safety concerns in the Nigerian media: What gender dynamics?
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 171-184
"This chapter focuses on gender dynamics in media safety in Nigeria. It critically examines the safety challenges journalists in Nigeria face in executing their duties in a country that has experienced different forms of conflicts, ranging from political instability, organized crime, terrorism, and
...
The United Nations’ Role in Promoting the Safety of Journalists from 1945 to 2016
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 45-60
"The United Nations (UN) has played an increasing role in promoting the safety of journalists. Yet little has been done to study its work from a historical perspective. This paper explores global attempts to promote journalist safety carried out by the UN system, from its inception in 1945 until 201
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Journalism Schools Must Include Safety Courses in Curricula
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 113-118
"Too many journalists are victims of violence and impunity, and more should be done in academia to prepare media students for the perils they are likely to face. I urge all faculty members at this conference to incorporate a course on safety for journalists in their curricula. It’s not a luxury; i
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The Protection of Citizen Journalists During Armed Conflicts
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 267-278
"Digital technologies are changing the way in which journalism is performed. Today, reports by citizen journalists (CJs) are extremely relevant when traditional journalists cannot access hostile and dangerous areas. According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, 90% of murdered reporters were lo
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The Cost of Truth Telling in India: Reporting in the Context of Intolerance
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 87-92
"I would like to begin by stating the obvious. Any way forward has to be based on a clear understanding of the possibilities for change in the environment and context of the press in India. While there is a lot to celebrate about the press in India, its institutional location within the market, its
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Unwarranted Interference, Fear and Self-censorship among Journalists in Council of Europe Member States
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 221-226
"Journalists may be exposed to a number of risk factors for unwarranted interference. This is often compounded by a culture of impunity. The extent of unwarranted interference, the experience of fear associated with such interference, and the consequent possibility of self-censorship among journalis
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A Story Bigger than Your Life? The safety challenges of journalists reporting on democratization conflicts
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 289-302
"This chapter investigates safety challenges journalists face when reporting on democratization conflicts and their impact on journalistic work. It builds on a comparative case study within the EU-funded project “Media, Conflict and Democratisation” (MeCoDEM), which explores journalistic work pr
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How Safe Is It? Being an activist citizen journalist in Turkey
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 279-288
"This study discusses how and in what ways activist citizen journalists in Turkey develop safety tactics against the repressive strategies of a neoliberal authoritarian government. By drawing on the theories of alternative new media and citizen journalism, we conducted interviews with activist citiz
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The Psychological Wellbeing of Iranian Journalists
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 185-190
"Objectives: To determine the emotional wellbeing of journalists who work in Iran. Methods: A website was established and journalists in newsrooms in Iran and the Diaspora were given information to access the site. Responses were received from 114 journalists (76 per per cent cent). The mean age was
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Risk and Resilience among Journalists Covering Potentially Traumatic Events
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 235-240
"Journalists covering crises are at high risk of experiencing potentially traumatic events. This chapter presents a study with 375 journalists who covered the 2011 terror attack in Norway. The purpose was to investigate whether social support (SS) was related to psychological distress (posttraumatic
...
How Unsafe Contexts and Overlapping Risks Influence Journalism Practice: Evidence from a survey of Mexican journalists
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 303-318
"Journalists in many countries work in contexts of continuous risk, but few empirical studies identify how these conditions influence practice or measure the relative influence of different kinds of risk. This study asks a national sample of Mexican journalists to report use of several measures to a
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Tribal Journalists under Fire: Threats, impunity and decision making in reporting on conflict in Pakistan
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 147-158
"This study investigates the challenges faced by local journalists caught between the global “war on terror” and its local consequences in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). Threats and impunity are commonplace in this buffer zone bordering Pakistan and Afghanistan, compell
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What’s Wrong with War Journalism? Why and how legal aspects of conflicts need better reporting
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 241-254
"This chapter deals with whether war journalism in mainstream media is fit to take a fourth estate role in reporting the new wars, from the end of the Cold War in 1989 to the present war against the so-called Islamic State. In particular, it is a critical study of shortcomings when it comes to provi
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How journalists survived to report: Professionalism and risk management in the reporting of terror groups and violent extremism in North East Nigeria
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 159-170
"The Boko Haram terrorism and violent extremism that ravaged North East Nigeria and Republics of Chad, Niger and Cameroons from 2009-2015 exposed weaknesses in the safety policy and protocols for local journalists in times and zones of tension in Nigeria. Boko Haram terrorists killed 30,000 people a
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Gendering War and Peace Journalism: New challenges for media research
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 61-70
"The article addresses in what way gender matters when dealing with war – and peace journalism. Issues discussed are to what extent the experiences of male and female reporters differ when they cover stories from the front line, especially regarding safety and working conditions. One important que
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Embedded Journalism and Its Implications in the Field
In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 255-266
"The Iraq War was a landmark in war reporting. The design and implementation of the embedded system enabled nearly 700 journalists to live and work alongside soldiers of the United States and British armies. Nearly 30 countries took part in the system, including Spain, one of the main supporters of
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The (Un)safe Practice of Journalism: An Analysis Based on UNESCO’s Journalists’ Safety Indicators Assessments
In: Freedom of Expression and Media in Transition: Studies and Reflections in the Digital Age
Ulla Carlsson (ed.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2016), pp. 103-107
"Journalists around the world are being killed and threatened for doing their work. This is a serious hindrance to freedom of expression and the safe practice of journalism. UN and UNESCO have led the process to create the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity to i
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Freedom of Expression and Media in Transition: Studies and Reflections in the Digital Age
Top Insights
Göteborg: Nordicom (2016), 199 pp.
