"The major conclusion is that information flows are far more strongly influenced and oriented first by historical and cultural links, including those remaining from colonial times, then by ideological affinities and lastly by community of interests, than they are by geographical proximity. This is n
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o surprise but may at first sight appear unfortunate, Less than twenty per cent of the news space in the South Americar, dailies, for example, is given over to Latin America, and the Senegalese press shows greater interest in a minor ministerial reshuffle in France or the Federal Republic of Germany than in an election taking place in the Gambia or the Ivory Coast." (Introduction)
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"With information from governments, media councils, journalists and broadcasts, Jones has compiled a succinct study of codes generally and of a few specifically. His aim is "to bring together some of the background information and to advance some of the arguments needed to help media people and othe
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rs concerned to make up their own minas in accordance with their own needs and circumstances." In a "World Survey" he has chosen 49 countries for an analysis of their codes and the conditions underlying them, and in an appendix has given the codes for Australia, Canada, Egypt, India, Japan, Sweden, Great Britain, and the U.S.A., along with organizational codes for the International Federation of Journalists, the European Community, the International Organization of Journalists, and the UN and UNESCO. There is also a section on "Mass Media Councils in Third World Countries." This is excellent source material for any individuals or countries interested either in devising or revising journalistic codes of ethics." (Eleanor Blum, Frances G. Wilhoit: Mass media bibliography. 3rd ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990 Nr. 221)
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"Prefaced by a brief study on the situation in Kenya, thereafter provides an overview of the book industries in Africa generally, and then focuses on the situation in Tanzania, including a detailed history of Tanzanian publishing and the major players up to the period ending 1979." (Hans M. Zell, Pu
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blishing, Books & Reading in Sub-Saharan Africa, 3d ed. 2008, nr. 1138)
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"In spite of disappointing experiments there is a growing range of examples of systems which exploit educational technologies, including many in the developing world. Some may have been introduced for reasons of fashionable interest — some have certainly been introduced as acts of faith, as commun
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ication is a field which attracts very devoted adherents. But experience on the ground has revealed a large number of media possibilities, embracing a variety of educational needs and objectives.
Much of the text is devoted to four short case studies, covering the use of radio for extended learning in the Dominican Republic; qualitative improvement of mathematics teaching in Nicaragua; community action involving radio in Tanzania; and the experimental use of satellite broadcasting in India. Explicit in the booklet's title is the use of communication media for low-income countries, with a critical eye to cost considerations. But it is interesting, and not at all surprising, to see that the focus of the studies, in all cases but that of India, is upon radio rather than television, as a lower-cost broadcasting alternative. More than anything, this reflects a situation in which technological choice is made more directly than hitherto in relation to overall educational planning and financing, paying special attention to criteria of cost-effectiveness, even though these are more flexibly interpreted than in the past. The focus of the booklet is therefore upon the potential of educational technologies as correlated with specific educational policy objectives: in extending educational opportunity; improving the quality of teaching and learning; developing rural areas; and — still a fluid sphere — the increase of participation. What is emphasized, above all, is the need for careful planning and analysis in association with educational specialists from many fields, to envolve media systems and applications which are coherent and which do not exceed the financial possiblities of the country." (Preface, page 9)
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"A survey of the various communication strategies through which the Latin American people as a whole can participate in national development and which gives the Latin American perspective toward the problem. It tells the role of international aid agencies, lists and discusses participatory projects
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country by country, and in conclusion assembles a 65-page annotated bibliography of literature on the subject." (Eleanor Blum, Frances G. Wilhoit: Mass media bibliography. 3rd ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990 Nr. 329)
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"Transfer of technology it seems can also be a vehicle for the transfer of ideology. Therefore the recent interest of Australia in appropriate communication technology in order to produce adequate endogenous messages so as to redress imbalances in flow of information and cultural materials. One of t
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he most important findings of the Australian study is therefore the experience that technological progress, understood as modernization particularly in the communication field, is not per se and necessarily a beneficial process. This is also confirmed by the results of the Indonesian study which laid more emphasis on the relationship between communication, social change and development. The Indonesian study has also concentrated more on the socio-cultural impact of the domestic satellite communication project in two cities and five provinces. It was found that different economic and socio-cultural backgrounds strongly influence acceptance and use of the information provided by modern communication media. Mass media distribution and ownership is a prime factor conditioning the effectiveness of modern communication systems in traditional societies. The role of the opinion leaders is closely interrelated with the role of the mass media. Though, in general, the role of mass media as initial sources of information is seen as still relatively small, the local opinion leaders are intensively and regularly using the media. They can even be characterized by their high media exposure and they are respected and influential because of their knowledge of cultural and religious matters, and also because of their innovative and progressive attitudes and practices which seem to mainly stem from the mass media. The study also shows that there is a "two-step-flow of information". The information which is being transmitted by the mass media to the rural populations and mainly passed on and interpreted by the opinion leaders, motivates the villagers to know more, to study and adopt first technical and later cultural innovations and to participate more actively in the life of the nation." (Page ii)
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"Communications between the Church and UNESCO first developed from a Paris Coordinating Office which began in 1947 with Mgr. Roncalli, later Pope John XXIII. When, in 1952, a Permanent Observer of the Holy See with diplomatic statuswas appointed (t
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he first observer also being Mgr. Roncalli), the Coordinating Office was retained as an Information Centre with an ecclesiastical advisor in the service ofthe International Catholic Organisations. Communication between the Church and UNESCOtakes different routes. - There is the presence ofthe observer from the Holy See; there are delegations and experts; personal contacts and contacts through Embassies, as far as the Vatican is concemed. In addition to the official relations of International Catholic Organisations with consultative status there are also contacts with the Catholic Coordinating Office through their publications, through participation of Catholics in National UNESCO Commissions, membership in UNESCO Clubs, etc. There ist also a considerable range ofjoint interest between the Church and this World Organisation, especially where these interests and concerns differ and where, on account of the spiritual dimension of the Church, some tension may be experienced. It is regretted that there is a Iack of interest and appreciation for the work of UNESCO by Catholics, who, according to Vatican II, should be more committed to activities in the secular world." (Summary)
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"The present publication is an attempt to report on various practical methods adopted throughout the world to promote and develop the reading habit among those literate populations that read little or nothing at all. The countries surveyed represent the major geographic regions of the world and illu
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strate a broad variety of internal structures. For example, leading publishing giants are looked at as well as countries where indigenous publishing is in its earliest stages; highly literate societies are considered as are those which have recently embarked on the path to literacy; monolingual countries and multilingual cultures are both represented here. Yet despite these disparities one common thread emerges: no country is satisfied with the number of active readers it counts among its population and all consider that methods and techniques for increasing reading must be tried and tried again in order to bring books and people together in a lasting aqd fruitful relationship." (Preface)
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"Focusing on issues of access to and participation in community media, this report reviews progress so far and analyzes the difficulties that underlie the transfer and adaptation of community communications media in developing countries. The first chapter contains introductory material on the subjec
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t of community media and development and describes a participative model for using media in community development situations. The second chapter discusses the practice of community communications by defining objectives, presenting background information on present projects, and describing criteria for selecting community media. The third chapter examines three community development communications projects in detail to show the development of methods that suit particular tasks and the choice of media that suit particular conditions, and the fourth chapter offers an appropriate methodology for using media in community development, with implications for future projects." (https://eric.ed.gov)
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"The object of this document is to attempt to identify the prerequisites for an efficient use of modern communication media for formal and non-formal educa tion in rural areas in developing countries [...] Although one cannot entirely separate the way the teaching process is treated from the way the
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organisational aspect is handled, the purpose of this study is to examine the factors on the organisational side which make for an efficient use of media, based on the results of more than tventy years' experience throughout the world. In view of the variety of media available and the considerable difference in the requirements of the various countries, there can be no question of recommending a specific type of organisation. Our aim is a far more limited one, i.e. to highlight what, judging by this experience, are the most common organisational problems encountered in the use of modern communication media in education and to describe how the technical constraints inherent in the media affect methods of organisation, bearing in mind the specific characteristics of the rural environment." (Introduction, page 2-3)
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"Covers a wide range of books and articles, broken down by media - advertising, broadcasting (radio, television, film), and print (Newspapers and magazines); and within the various media by geographic location - North America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Contains a list of the research studies analyzed
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." (Eleanor Blum, Frances G. Wilhoit: Mass media bibliography. 3rd ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990 Nr. 1644)
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