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Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
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Media Freedom, Press Freedom
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Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
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Violence Against Journalists & Media Personnel
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Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
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Killings of Journalists & Media Personnel
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COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
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Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
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Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
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Censorship
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Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
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Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
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COVID-19 Communication
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Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
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Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
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Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
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Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
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Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
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Legal Threats to Media Freedom
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Foreign Correspondents
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Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
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Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
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Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
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Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
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Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
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Freelance Journalists & Media Workers
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Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
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Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
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Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
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Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
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Journalistic Social Media Use
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Media Law & Regulation: International Standards & Practices
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Russia: Foreign Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
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Journalism
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Editorial Independence
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Government Communication Strategies
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Russia-Ukraine War <2014-
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Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
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Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
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Cyberbullying, Cyberharassment
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Social Media in Political Communication
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Countering Defamation & Harassment
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Journalism Ethics
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Gender-Based Online Harassment & Sexual Threats
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Journalism Education Curricula
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Photojournalism
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Media Assistance
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Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
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Populism
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Corruption & Combating Corruption
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Media Advocacy, Media Activism
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Audience Feedback, Interaction & Participation
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Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
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Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
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Freedom of Expression
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Accountability & Transparency of the Media
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Indigenous Journalists & Communicators
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Journalists
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Media Reporting, Reporting on Journalism & Communication Issues
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Political Reporting
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Television Journalism
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Human Rights Protection
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Caruana Galizia, Daphne (1964-2017)
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Military
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Public Media, State Media
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Open Data
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Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
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Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
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Authoritarian Regimes: Transnational Repression
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Election Campaigns
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Catholic Media
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Data Protection: Law & Regulation
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Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
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Freedom of Expression Lobbying & Communication Rights Campaigning
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Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
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Internet Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
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State Influence on the Media
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Government / State Advertising: Allocation Policies & Regulation
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Military: Communication Strategies & Practices
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Alternative Communication & Media
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Conflicts: Victims' Perspectives
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Terrorism
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Boko Haram
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Iraq War (2003)
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Dealing With the Past
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Discourse & Discourse Analysis
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Theatre
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Digital Media Startups
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Online Magazines & Newspapers
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Social Media
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Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
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Trolling (Social Media)
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Digitalisation, Online Communication & Democracy / Democratization
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Minority Journalists
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Religious Minorities & Media
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Humanitarian Law
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Conspiracy Narratives, Conspiracy Theories
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Foreign Disinformation, Foreign Information Manipulation Operations, Foreign Propaganda
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Health Disinformation & Misinformation
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Identifying & Researching Disinformation
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Media Ownership
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Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
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Political Economy of Media
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Climate Change Communication, Climate Journalism
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Environmental & Land Conflicts Reporting & Media Representation
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Defamation: Effects on Victims
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Defamation Law & Regulation
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Objectivity & Veracity of Reporting
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Bias in News Media
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Self-Regulation of Media
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Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence: Media Representation & Reporting
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Gender Discrimination, Gender Inequalities
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Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
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Good Practice Examples
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Health Journalism
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History of Journalism
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History of the Press
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Foreign Countries: Reporting & Media Representation
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Council of Europe
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Associations & Networks of Journalists
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International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)
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Reporters Sans Frontièrs
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Collaborative Journalism, Journalism Cooperation
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Constructive Journalism, Solution-Oriented Journalism
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Labour Market for Journalists
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Newsroom Management
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Corruption Reporting & Role of Media in Curbing Corruption
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Service Journalism, Consumer Information, Lifestyle Journalism
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Local Television
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International Media Support (IMS) (Media Development NGO, Denmark)
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Media Assistance: Journalists' Associations, Media Associations
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Media & Communication Policies
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Transition Countries: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
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Transitional Justice
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Forced Migration, Forced Displacement
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Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
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Khashoggi, Jamal (1958-2018)
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Conflict & War Photography
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Hindu Nationalism
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Political Extremism
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Right-Wing Extremism
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Parliaments
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Politics and Media
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Influence of Media on Politics
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Political Transition and Media
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Fundamentalisms (Religious)
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Crimes, Criminality, Organized Crime
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Human Security
1
Sexual Violence & Abuse, Rape
1
Rohingya
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Al-Jazeera
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Theories of Communication & Media
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
Justifying Self-Censorship: A Perspective from Ethiopia
Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, volume 7, issue 2 (2010), pp. 98-121
"This study investigates self-Censorship practices in Ethiopian state media institutions. Through indepth interviews with 61 journalists, the study discloses extensive use of self-Censorship on the part of journalists who try to conform to the expected reporting style of the state media. The journal
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Politicians and the News Media: How Elite Attacks Influence Perceptions of Media Bias
International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 15, issue 3 (2010), pp. 319-43
"When political elites receive unfavorable news coverage, a common strategy is to attack the source. Past research suggests that attacks on the news media increase perceptions of media bias, but it remains unclear how this occurs. Using two experiments, the author examines how attacks on the news me
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Forces of Gatekeeping and Journalists' Perceptions of Physical Danger in Post-Saddam Hussein's Iraq
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, volume 87, issue 3-4 (2010), pp. 484-500
"Iraqi journalists operate in one of the deadliest newsgathering environments in the world. This study, based on a survey of 404 Iraqi journalists, examines the variables influencing journalists' perceptions of physical danger in covering news after the fall of Saddam Hussein. Gatekeeping theory pro
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The mutual perception between deputies and Spanish parliamentary journalists and its influence in political and media agendas
Revista de Comunicación, volume 9 (2010), pp. 7-25
"This paper examines the relationship between parliamentary journalists and Spanish Members of Parliament. The study, based on surveys, is part of a European research in which Germany, Denmark and the United Kingdom have also participated. Among the key conclusions, it highlights the remarkable powe
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"This chapter reviews the situation of violence against the press in Mexico and what each of the different actors involved is doing, or not doing, to address a problem that in some Mexican states has reached alarming crisis levels. The essay examines the political willingness and steps taken by the
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Notes on the public sphere on a national and post-national axis: Journalism and freedom of expression in Turkey
Global Media and Communication, volume 6, issue 2 (2010), pp. 177-197
"Since Turkey became a candidate for the European Union in 1999, democratic rights and freedom of expression have been key issues in discourses surrounding EU—Turkey relations. Discussions on these questions often centre on state censorship and legislative constraints. The role of the media themse
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Freelancers in Mexico: A Survey. Findings and Challenges
London: Rory Peck Trust (2009), 52 pp.
"Even though Mexico is not at war, it has now become one of the most dangerous countries in the world to be a journalist, and especially a freelancer. Since the Trust first visited Mexico in 2005, 18 newsgatherers have been killed and five have disappeared, four newspaper offices were the targets of
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"Attempts to Influence": Survey of Perceptions of Albanian Journalists
New York: Open Society Institute (2009), 5 pp.
"The following text examines the freedom of the press in Albania from the subjective perspective of journalists. It does not discuss individual cases, or provide statistics on violence against journalists, but it does reveal how journalists felt affected by different political actors and events duri
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Addressing the Effects of Assignment Stress Injury
Journalism Practice, volume 3, issue 2 (2009), pp. 162-177
"The purpose of this article is to present the results of a qualitative study on assignment stress injury within journalism. Thirty-one Canadian journalists and photojournalists participated in the research study. The focus of this article is on recommendations offered by our participants to address
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The Philippine President as Tortfeasor-in-Chief: Establishing Civil Liability for Constitutional Negligence
Asian Journal of Comparative Law, volume 4 (2009), pp. 1-54
"This article analyzes the liability of the Philippine President for the tort of constitutional negligence in relation to the murders and forced disappearances of leftists, journalists, and other dissidents. It uses the international law doctrine of command responsibility as a form of attribution th
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Gaza Media Safety
Copenhagen: International Media Support (IMS) (2009), 14 pp.
"Lack of safety and basic protection for media workers in Gaza – and in particular for journalists and photographers working freelance – has been identified as the most crucial and imminent issue in the weeks following the military offensive by Israel against Hamas in the Gaza Strip on 27 Decemb
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Journalism in Central Asia: A Victim of Politics, Economics, and Widespread Self-censorship
International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 13, issue 4 (2008), pp. 515-525
"Significant efforts to develop an independent journalism have stumbled badly in Central Asia, where politics, economics and the unforeseen consequence of widespread self-censorship have derailed development of a Western-style media and the democracy it serves. What is worse, from Kazakhstan to Uzbe
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Out of China, into the light
British Journalism Review, volume 18, issue 1 (2007), pp. 23-27
"Foreign correspondent Waghorn compares long-term assignments in China and Israel and observes: "Whereas in China the challenge was engaging the viewers' interest in somewhere so unfamiliar and alien, here [Israel] it is keeping them interested in somewhere they find over familiar. Rock-throwing, su
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Censorship in Contemporary Russian Journalism in the Age of the War Against Terrorism: A Historical Perspective
European Journal of Communication, volume 21, issue 2 (2006), pp. 189-211
"The Russian mass media system has experienced tremendous change since the Soviet era. It has been argued that some similarities still exist between the old Soviet system and the new post-Soviet media, such as the practice of self-censorship. Pressure has been mounting on the mass media's level of e
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Newspaper editorial discourse and the politics of self-censorship in Hong Kong
Discourse & Society, volume 17, issue 3 (2006), pp. 331-358
"In transitional societies where political pressure on the press is coupled with a commercial media system and a professional journalistic culture, the politics of self-censorship is likely to involve a strategic contest between the media and political actors. Language plays a significant role in th
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Embedded journalists in the Iraq war: Are they at greater psychological risk?
Journal of Traumatic Stress, volume 18, issue 2 (2005), pp. 129-132
"The current war in Iraq saw an alliance between the media and the military, a process called embedded journalism. The aim of this study was to explore whether this process affected the journalists' vulnerability to psychological distress. Eighty-five of 100 journalists approached agreed to particip
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Freedom as a Value in Arab Media: Perceptions and Attitudes Among Journalists
Political Communication, volume 19, issue 5 (2002), pp. 125-135
"This article examines the development of freedom of the press and censorship in Egypt and the Arab world. Further, it discusses patterns of influence on freedom of the press and their impact on Arab journalists. It finds that press freedom in Arab countries and the performance of Arab journalists a
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Preparing for Battle: American news organizations lag behind some of their European counterparts when it comes to providing survival training and drafting safety guidelines for war correspondents. A group of journalists is pushing to narrow the gap
American Journalism Review, volume 24, issue 6 (2002), pp. 39-43
"The notion of survival skills and safety guidelines has been slow to catch on with top media managers in the United States. In Europe, the BBC, ITN and Reuters mandate training for foreign correspondents. It has taken an era of international terrorism to spark a stronger push on the home front." (A
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Danger and Deadlines: Journalists' Rights on the Palestine Peace Agenda
Brussels: International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2002), 13 pp. + approx. 40 pp.
Antipress Violence and the Crisis of the State
International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 7, issue 3 (2002), pp. 90-109
"Although it is an issue of immediate interest to reporters and press organizations, antipress violence has not elicited a great deal of scholarly attention. While in the context of developed democracies, studies have concluded that violence against the press has significantly diminished in the twen
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