"This paper shows how digital communication technologies enable new and influence established tactics of state repression beyond borders. Based on interviews with Iranian activists and journalists who were forced to leave the country after the controversial elections of 2009, I analyze mechanisms an
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d aims of repressive measures targeting exiled dissidents. I argue that in an environment of intense transnational communication and information exchange, authoritarian regimes can monitor and respond to the activities of political exiles rapidly and on a large scale. State actors seek to undermine the links of exiles into the country (horizontal voice) as well as to punish claims to public attention that challenge the regime’s position in the domestic and international arenas (vertical voice). With these measures, authorities pursue a parallel strategy: expanding authoritarian power and practices beyond borders while distancing political exiles from contacts in the home country." (Abstract)
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"Only 8% of respondents stated that the media in Moldova exhibit, to a very large extent, a responsible behavior toward their audiences. The majority of respondents or 56% stated they were dissatisfied with the lack of responsibility of the national media. One in ten respondents considered him/herse
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lf very informed; another five in ten respondents are quite satisfied in terms of perceived level of information. Television is still the main source of social and political news in Moldova, with 65% of respondents citing it as the preferred source, followed by the Internet (websites) (24%), and the social networking sites and radio stations with 5% each. According to the study “Measuring the perceptions of sociopolitical news by the media audience in the Republic of Moldova”, realized in October 2015, information sources have their specific audiences. Television is preferred mostly by occupationally inactive people, aged over 45 years, with secondary and low levels of education. Young people, with higher levels of education, who are occupationally active, and live in municipalities show preference for getting information online." (Page 5)
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"Of the 939 identified main media literacy stakeholders, over a third were categorised as “civil society” (305), followed by “public authorities” (175) and “academia” (161). Over two-thirds of them do not have a statutory responsibility in this area and base their involvement on a differ
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ent motivation. 189 networks were identified and the vast majority of them (135) are operating at national level. Since the level of activity differs a lot between countries, of the maximum of 580 projects (20 possible projects for each of the 29 respondents, but not all of them were able to detect 20), only 547 were identified. The most common project type is “resources” (173); the second is “end-user engagement” (107). These two together account for more than half of all analysed projects, showing that providing frontline support to citizens is a priority. As to the a ddressed media literacy skills, “critical thinking” was the clear winner, being dealt with by 403 of the 547 projects, followed by “media use” (385). This trend is also confirmed by the case study analysis of the most significant 145 projects, which also feature projects on “intercultural dialogue” (46 of 145), including skills around challenging radicalisation and hate speech online." (Executive summary, page 3-4)
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"How does media influence beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors? We know surprisingly little about this influence and I argue that two mechanisms account for its impact. Media provides new information that persuades individuals to accept it (individual channel), but also, media informs listeners about w
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hat others learn, thus facilitating coordination (social channel). Using a field experiment in Mexico, I disentangle these effects and analyze norms surrounding violence against women. I examine the effect of a radio program when it is transmitted privately versus when it is transmitted through public outlets. Although I find no evidence supporting the individual mechanism, the social channel increased rejection of violence against women, support for gender equality, and unexpectedly, increased pessimism regarding the future decline of violence." (Abstract)
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"Die Fallanalyse hat gezeigt, dass eine Erzählung vom Krieg 1992-93 propagiert wird, die einer abchasischen Version des Narrationsschemas 'Die Vertreibung von fremden Feinden' entspricht. Ein zentrales Element der Erzählung ist zudem, so ergab die Interpretation, eine betont positive Darstellung d
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es Kriegsalltags. Durch sie wird einerseits das bereits existierende Bild der heldenhaften Soldaten gestützt. Andererseits wird der Nachkriegsgeneration 20 Jahre nach Kriegsende eine gewissermaßen harmlose Version des Kriegsgeschehens angeboten, mittels Film und Konzerten werden begleitend affektive Erlebnisse ermöglicht. So soll die Identifikation der Nachgeborenen mit diesem Teil des abchasischen Gründungsmythos, den sie selbst nicht erlebt haben, angeregt werden." (Seite 37)
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"In Belarus more than 70 percent of those working in the media are women. The number of women producing media content is increasing. Women are well represented in middle management positions, but men still dominate positions at the highest level, with the highest wages. Journalism is a low-income pr
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ofession in Belarus. Many journalists, both men and women, must take on extra jobs in order to provide the necessities for their families. Journalism is not considered a prestigious profession – wages are low and it is difficult to realize ambitions. This is why men are leaving this area; journalism is becoming an industry in which mostly women work. In Belarus, both men and women have equal possibilities to study journalism. However, it is women who mainly study journalism, further promoting the feminization of the profession." (Key findings, page 7)
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"Das große – inhaltlich aber sehr diffuse – Misstrauen der „Zweifler“ gegenüber etablierten Medien ist vermutlich nur die Spitze des Eisbergs für ein grundsätzliches Dilemma, vor dem Medienanbieter stehen: Ein allgemeines Unbehagen gegenüber Politik, Wirtschaft und anderen gesellschaftl
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ichen Eliten, das sich im Zuge der Krisen der vergangenen Jahre nun auch offensiv manifestiert. Dieses Unbehagen erfasst – da sie „als Teil des Systems“ wahrgenommen werden – auch die Medien. Der Eindruck, dass die Medien das Establishment stützen oder gar von ihm gelenkt werden, gibt diesem Dilemma weitere Nahrung. Hinzu kommt, dass Medien in ihrer Funktion als Übermittler von Nachrichten ebenso wie von Meinungen der Politik(er) und anderer gesellschaftlicher Eliten nicht selten in „Mithaftung“ genommen werden für die Inhalte, die sie übermitteln. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist auch die hohe Zustimmung zu der Einschätzung, dass in den Medien häufig absichtlich die Unwahrheit gesagt wird, zu werten." (Seite 37)
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"Without the support of media partners, child helplines miss the chance to tell the story of their work. Without child helplines, media partners fail to gain the full picture of the realities children and youth face every day. The Media Collaboration Toolkit aims to enhance collaborative synergies b
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etween the media industry and the child helplines." (Page 5)
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"Desde a sua criação em 2012, o Programa Para Fortalecimento da Mídia (MSP) documenta anualmente a cobertura das temáticas relacionadas com Género, Violência Baseada no Género (VBG) e Tráfi co de Pessoas, na mídia moçambicana. Os dados colhidos ao longo destes anos mostram que estas quest
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es vêm conquistando cada vez mais espaço na mídia. O número de matérias publicadas nos jornais analisados tem-se multiplicado rapidamente. Este avanço refl ecte, não apenas a crescente preocupação dos jornalistas com as temáticas, mas também o comprometimento das organizações com o envolvimento da mídia na prevenção e no combate à VBG e questões afins. Se, por um lado, se registam avanços quantitativos, por outro, a qualidade das matérias ainda está aquém do desejável. De acordo com o MCAT, para o ano de 2015, a média global das matérias analisadas situa-se em 70%, 2,35% abaixo da do ano passado. Ao contrário do que testemunhámos nos anos anteriores, houve um declínio em 3 das 4 categorias analisadas pelo MCAT, designadamente fontes, estrutura e relevância. Em geral, a mídia tem pautado por uma abordagem sensacionalista, que prejudica o combate à VBG." (Apresentação)
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"The present report summarizes the results of a media use study that was conducted in autumn 2014 in the Ugandan districts of Kampala, Mbale, Lira, Pader and Gulu. The study consists of a quantitative survey of more than 650 survey respondents, as well as six qualitative focus groups with a total of
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45 participants. The target population was children and young people between 13 and 24 years of age. The results show that radio is still the most important medium in Uganda today. 94.6% of the participating young people from the aforementioned districts have access to a radio. There are, however, signs of a change in trend. Three quarters of the respondents also have access to a TV set, meaning television is no longer a minority media form in Uganda." (Executive summary)
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"Being bullied has been found to have a significant impact on children’s physical and mental health, psychosocial well-being and educational performance, with lasting effects into adulthood on health, well-being and lifetime earnings. Little is known about bullying in low- and middle-income countr
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ies, however. This study uses a mixed methods approach combining survey analysis of the predictors and associations with being bullied, with qualitative data to explore the context in which bullying occurs and the social processes that underpin it. Findings show that better data collection and increased resource allocation to bullying prevention are needed. The development and evaluation of different types of effective, sustainable and scalable bullying prevention models in low- and middle-income country contexts are priorities for programming and research." (Abstract)
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"Del análisis de los quince estudios de caso se desprende un complejo retrato del trabajo que encabezan actores indígenas y no indígenas para que los idiomas nativos del continente ganen espacios y se visibilicen en la esfera digital. El estudio muestra que las formas de hacer activismo digital d
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e lenguas indígenas son diversas, pero también que una de las características que comparten es la necesidad de establecer alianzas más allá del mundo comunitario indígena. Si bien el liderazgo de algunos aliados no-indígenas parece en ocasiones “suplantar” el protagonismo nativo, lo fundamental para hacer efectivos los esfuerzos de recuperación lingüística es el compromiso que todos tengan con comunidades de habla y con potenciales interesados en aprender los idiomas originarios. En los casos analizados se aprecia una enorme energía, entusiasmo e imaginación para incorporar los idiomas nativos a expresiones de cultura digital que caracterizan hoy día la esfera mediática global. Cuando los activistas indígenas acometen la tarea de iniciar un proyecto digital, el principal reto que encuentran reside en la ausencia de espacios de capacitación para el manejo de herramientas y la producción de medios digitales atractivos para diversas comunidades. Donde los equipos son básicos, los activistas sustituyen la sofisticación tecnológica con trabajo colaborativo, talento creativo, alianzas estratégicas y un sofisticado conocimiento de la lengua y cultura de sus pueblos. En los casos donde la generación más joven es la que está al frente de las iniciativas digitales, se generan procesos de re-aprendizaje de la lengua que en sí mismos demuestran el potencial e impacto que este tipo de activismo tiene. Para medir la efectividad de estas acciones indígenas, el estudio solicitó a los propios protagonistas hacer una auto-evaluación de los alcances de su trabajo. Aquí se revelan múltiples pistas que deberán ser seguidas en posteriores estudios." (Resumen ejecutivo)
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"Good reporting can improve understanding about how child abuse happens; reduce the stigma facing survivors of child abuse; assist police investigations; bring about discussions which will help to make society safer for children today and in the future. Whether you are a news reporter or write story
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lines for soaps, we hope this will make you more aware of how media coverage may affect survivors. Media coverage often focuses on celebrities or abuse in institutional settings, but the majority of people are abused by a relative or somebody known to them." (Page 2)
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"With the liberalisation of the airwaves and the rising use of mobile phones since the 2000s, call- and text-in shows have become popular and lively features on broadcast media in Eastern Africa. Amidst expanding possibilities for listeners to speak and contribute to live radio broadcasts, new ways
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of imagining the position of the audience emerge. The audience is not simply comprised of passive listeners of publicly broadcast information, but actively engaged in contributing and reacting to what is aired. Yet the nature and political potential of the ‘audience-public’ is not straightforward. Interactive radio and TV shows are not just introducing specific audience members into the discussion, but who they are, what they represent, their influence and contribution to the space are uncertain. As audience members engage, those who manage and shape the broadcast must imagine, interpret and respond. Each participant in the discussion –whether listening, or involved in the station – producing, hosting, etc. – must come to terms with the nature of the interaction, Who is engaged? How should they respond? What are their reasons for being engaged and how might the introduction of this indeterminate audience-public relate to their intentions? Given the plurality of subjectivities, information, roles and intentions of those involved, the audience and why it matters can be imagined in multiple and competing ways. This paper interrogates how different actors involved in the radio broadcast imagine and respond to audience participation, and how these imaginaries become politically significant. This paper draws predominantly on interview and observation data on the perspectives of station hosts, guests and frequent callers of selected media houses and interactive broadcast shows in Zambia and Kenya. It examines the dynamic, plural and conflicting ways in which the audience is being reconstructed as an active ‘public’. In so doing, it shows the centrality of the imagined audience in the construction of the broadcast as a ‘public’, specifically how the indeterminate audience becomes the basis for competing imaginaries about power, authority and belonging. The political significance of the ‘audience-public’, it is argued, lies in the very fact that multiple and competing imaginaries are at play, which are invested in by actors pursuing diverse ends and thereby create tangible political effects." (Abstract)
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