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From State Repression to Fear of non-state Actors: Examining Emerging Threats of Journalism Practice in Ethiopia

Téwodros W. Workneh

Journalism Practice, volume 16, issue 9 (2022), pp. 1909-1926

"Non-state media journalists in Ethiopia traditionally faced safety threats emanating from state-sponsored attacks and punitive legal frameworks. Recently, however, state hostility is being replaced by non-state actors’ aggression against journalists. By framing emerging threats of reporters’ sa ... more

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Securing Australian Journalism from Surveillance

Diarmaid Harkin, Monique Mann

Deakin University; Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation (ADI) (2022), 31 pp.

"In Australia, the Data Retention Act (2015), the Assistance and Access Act (2018), the Identify and Disrupt Act (2021), and the International Production Orders Act (2020) have significantly increased the surveillance powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies with implications for journali ... sts and the free press. This report draws on interviews with 19 journalists and 2 media-lawyers in Australia. The interviews were conducted between May and November 2021. The aim of the interviews was to gauge (a) the level of preparedness amongst journalists in Australia concerning surveillance, and (b) the impacts of increased surveillance powers on journalistic practices. There was wide variation in information security understanding and applied skill among media organisations and journalists. Some expressed “very low confidence” (Journalist F) that journalists were adequately prepared for the threats of electronic surveillance and a number conceded that they were not thinking about it “enough” (Journalist Q) or were just “learning on the job but could know more” (Journalist I). Some media organisations do not offer support in terms of education and training, policies and procedures, or formal guidance, and even among the most active and equipped organisations, support for cyber security concerns was described as “probably too far down the list of considerations” (Journalist D). In most instances, journalists were self-educating as “it is up to the individual journalist to make sure they are secure” (Journalist A). The 2019 AFP raids on the ABC and Annika Smethurst were described as a “holy shit” moment (Journalist P) that raised awareness of government surveillance of journalists. These raids resulted in many journalists and media organisations raising their efforts to protect their digital communications. Subsequently, over the past 2 to 3 years many journalists have migrated to encrypted communication applications such as Signal and Protonmail, while several media organisations have implemented SecureDrop for whistle-blowers to provide anonymity and security. Journalists suggested media organisations could do more to provide “formalised training” and “organisational support” (Journalist P) and invest more in their employees to provide confidence to potential sources that “journalists are good at this” (Journalist J)." (Executive summary) more

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Safety of Journalists in Non-EU Countries: State and Non-State Protection Mechanisms and the Role of the EU

Tamsin Mitchell

European Parliament (2022), ix, 51 pp.

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Guía para periodistas: Claves para comunicar el proceso, el informe final y el legado de la Comisión de la Verdad

Martha Lucía Martínez Escobar et al.

Bogotá: Comisión de la Verdad; Taller de Edición Rocca (2022), 220 pp.

"Los medios de comunicación son grandes aliados en la sensibilización y apropiación del legado de la Comisión de la Verdad. El Informe Final brinda la oportunidad de difundirlo a través de una variedad de formatos innovadores que vayan más allá del registro de historias. Los contextos explica ... more

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Report Diversity! Guidelines to Train Media Circles on Inclusiveness and Preventing Gender Islamophobia

Aidan White (ed.)

European Institute of the Mediterranean; Media Diversity Institute; MAGIC - Muslim Women and Communities Against Gender Islamophobia in Society (2022), 27 pp.

"Covering the polarizing and fragmented opinions over Islam and the rights of women, for example, requires context, attachment to core ethical values, and stylish truth-telling. Without professional expertise, a good understanding of the issues in play and a commitment to diversity in their approach ... more

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Mapping the nexus between media reporting of violence against girls: The normalization of violence, and the perpetuation of harmful gender norms and stereotypes. Evidence review

Lorena Fuentes, Abha Shri Saxena, Jennifer Bitterly

UNICEF; UN Women (2022), 66 pp.

"It finds broad consensus across the literature that mainstream news media outlets tend to make use of harmful tropes and stereotypes when reporting on cases of gender-based violence, and that this contributes to the normalization of violence and perpetuation of discriminatory gender norms and stere ... otypes. The key modalities considered in the scholarly literature relate to the visual and textual features of news stories, and the sourcing practices used by journalists. Studies highlight a tendency for mainstream news reporting to mirror and reinforce the dynamics that contribute to gender-based violence in the first place, such as victim blaming, decentring the responsibility of perpetrators, and deploying stigmatizing or sensationalizing language that draws upon harmful gender norms and stereotypes about women’s and girls’ ‘appropriate roles’. Overall, the effect of these reporting modalities is to direct the public’s attention towards the behaviour and actions of victims and to suggest that the transgression is in the violation of a gender norm, rather than in the exercise of violence. Evidence from the scholarly literature also highlights that incidents of gender-based violence are largely reported as episodic events or independent incidents of crime, that such reports deploy language that blames the victim by suggesting that she violated established or expected gender norms and rules, and that the level of sensationalism or ‘shock value’ in the case determines its ‘newsworthiness’. Evidence also suggests that reporters still largely neglect to include inputs from gender-based violence, women’s rights or child protection experts. Subsequent sections dig deeper into the evidence of the nexus between news media reporting of violence against girls and the normalization of that violence. This involves analysing some of the more common tropes and stereotypes that circulate in relation to victims and perpetrators, and providing illustrative examples of how these shape interpretations of gender-based violence and its victims. These tropes and stereotypes are also shaped by vectors of intersectional discrimination across regional contexts, and evidence highlights that media reports play a crucial role in reinforcing hierarchies by differentiating between ‘types’ of victims (where some victims matter, or matter more than others). Significantly, from the age analysis perspective, evidence from media reports also indicates that there is often an ‘expiration date’ after which girl victims may not ‘count’ as children. Specifically, sexualization in news media coverage of cases of gender-based violence can function as a mechanism to portray adolescent girls as adult women, and thus to obscure not only the gender dimension but also age-based rights violations at play. Notably, while this review identifies a burgeoning literature analysing the dynamics of media reporting on gender-based violence against women and how these relate to the perpetuation of discriminatory gender norms and stereotypes, there is a concerning gap in similar scholarly literature analysing these dynamics in relation to girls. Specifically, while there is a rich body of literature that includes gender and intersectional analyses of media reporting of gender-based violence, research that centres the age-related lens and analysis alongside the gender lens is relatively thin or nascent. The final section spotlights the range of existing frameworks and guidelines for promoting more gender- and age-sensitive as well as victim-/survivor-centred reporting. It notes that, while there is a relatively clear path forward in terms of what needs to be done to drive positive change, a pressing gap remains in how to incentivize and ensure uptake and implementation of these frameworks and strategies for more responsible reporting of GBV within and across media organizations and among media practitioners. This section leverages insights from stakeholders, as well as the literature, to flag additional ‘enablers’ that may be key to unlocking the potential within these existing frameworks. These include dynamics that may have more or less impact at scale, including the values and commitments of individual journalists, networks of feminist journalists and gender editors, the presence of strong feminist and women’s movements that mobilize civil society in response to cases of violence and push for greater accountability from the state and media organizations, and advocacy and engagement with local news organizations and media practitioners by international organizations. Reflecting on the evidence, the review concludes by suggesting that achieving the kinds of changes needed to enable more gender- and age-sensitive reporting will require a combination of formal and informal mechanisms, strategies, and long-term efforts and investments. These need to acknowledge that, even though gender norms and stereotypes are ‘sticky’ and take time to change, the vast sphere of influence of news reporting, and of the media more broadly, means that it presents a tremendous opportunity and entry point for catalysing positive changes in how gender-based violence against girls is represented, and thus how we as a society interpret and respond to it." (Overview, pages 7-8) more

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Proteção dos jornalistas: Segurança e justiça na América Latina e no Caribe

Rosental Alves (coord.)

Knight Center (2022), 101 pp.

"Neste livro, propomo-nos a percorrer essas tentativas, realizadas em diferentes frentes: redações, grupos de jornalistas, associações de mídia, governos ou promotores. E são os próprios jornalistas que contam como foram essas experiências. Este livro é produto de uma série de reportagens ... more

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Safety of Journalists Covering Trauma and Distress: ‘Do no Harm’
Key Guides

Jo Healey

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 16 pp.

"• Pressure has intensified on journalists to cover people’s trauma and distress and deliver emotionally-driven content to multiple platforms. • Impact on survivors: An ongoing lack of trauma-aware training for journalists can lead to inept or ill-informed handling of survivors, some say this ... more

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Google Scholar (213)

WorldCat (225)

Expanding the Analytical Boundaries of Mob Censorship: How Technology and Infrastructure Enable Novel Threats to Journalists and Strategies for Mitigation

Jennifer R. Henrichsen, Martin Shelton

Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 10 (2022), pp. 1848-1867

"Mob censorship, which “expresses the will of ordinary citizens to exert power over journalists through discursive violence” is traditionally considered a grassroots phenomenon. However, within technically mediated systems, who is behind the mob is sometimes unclear. We therefore ask how the tec ... more

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Equally Safe: Towards a Feminist Approach to the Safety of Journalists
Deep Insights

Jennifer Robinson, Keina Yoshida et al.

London: Article 19 (2022), 63 pp.

"In 2021, ARTICLE 19 set out to make sometimes invisible practices more visible, building on our existing programmes on the safety of women journalists worldwide. We undertook original research globally and specifically in six countries, three in Asia (Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka) and three in ... more

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Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists: Quadriennial Report 2018-2021

Ma’aly Hazzaz, Elisa Kirkland, Olivier Van Bockstael

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 316 pp.

"Since it first began substantial implementation in 2018, the MDP has enabled UNESCO’s Communication and Information Sector to immediately respond to emerging priorities and needs affecting freedom of expression, the safety of journalists, access to information, and community media. Before its cre ... more

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Report on Open Source Digital Safety Tool Ecosystem

Internews (2022), 18 pp.

"This is a report on the health of the open-source digital safety tool ecosystem that draws from the BASICS experience. Internews' BASICS project (Building Analytical and Support Infrastructure for Critical Security tools) was a 30-month initiative to strengthen the capacity of open source digital s ... more

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Gender-Based Violence Reporting Handbook

Dapo Olorunyomi (ed.)

Abuja: Centre for Journalism Innovation and Development (CJID) (2022), xv, 272 pp.

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The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) and its Potential to Foster Freedom of Expression, Access to Information and Safety of Journalists: Guidelines for Civil Society Organizations

UNESCO; Amnesty International (2022), 17 pp.

"This guide aims to encourage civil society and community organizations, activists and individuals to engage with the United Nations' (UN) Universal Periodic Review (UPR) mechanism on freedom of expression, safety of journalists and access to information issues. The guide explains why it is importan ... more

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Lives, Jobs, Homeland: Afghan Women Journalists Lose All

Association of Women in Radio and Television (AWRT-K) (2022), 52 pp.

"According to a survey conducted by Reporters without Borders (RSF) in December 2021, from 10,790 people working in Afghan media (8,290 men and 2,490 women) at the start of August 2021, only 4,360 (3,950 men and 410 women) were still working and the number may reduce even further. For this survey, d ... ata were collected through online and in-person manual surveys in May 2022. The questionnaire included 23 questions and was completed by 308 respondents in Dari (75.97%) and Pashto (24.03%). All 100 percent respondents were female. The survey largely represented reporters (54.87%), followed by journalists (19.16%), producers (9.74%), presenters (3.90%) and others (12.01%). [...] A majority of respondents (67.86%) reported that they have lost their jobs since the de facto authorties’ takeover of Afghanistan in August. The highest ratio of respondents having lost their jobs compared to the respondents interviewed were in Bamyan (100%), followed by Kandahar (91%), Balkh (85%), Badakhshan (68%) and Kabul (62%). 60.39% of respondents reported that they have felt ‘major changes’ since the collapse of the former government. In addition, 28.90% respondents reported changes in some cases. As for the level of restrictions imposed on reporting since the de facto authorities’ takeover of power, an astounding 80.52% of respondents reported the case to be ‘very restricted’. As far as the reporting autonomy is concerned, 45.13% respondents mentioned that ‘Government Interferences have Increased’, while 35.71% responded as ‘Bad’ meaning the independency in journalists’ reporting is bad. 46.75% of respondents mentioned that the de facto authorities’ spokespersons do not respond to female journalists, followed by 29.55% who mentioned that they do respond, but just in some cases. All 100% of the respondents reported that they have received some kind of threat since the de facto authorities have taken over the power, and reported the major threat against female journalists to be the new restrictions imposed by the de facto authorities (52.9%), followed by the gender-based discrimination (18.8%), and threats posed by extremist groups (16.9%). A majority of the respondents (55.19%) reported that they were restricted from their work specifically due to their outfit/sense of clothing and some (27.92%) reported that they have experienced the same but to some extent only." (Executive summary, pages 5-6) more

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Device Location Security

Internews (2022), 4 pp.

"This guide looks at how our mobile devices could leak data about our locations and what we could do to protect ourselves against it. It’s designed for most Central European journalists’ threat models and only looks at how our mobile devices could give up precise location data on us. It doesn’ ... more

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Associations among traumatic experiences, threat exposure, and mental health in Pakistani journalists

Suzanna M. Koster, Hans M. Koot, Jamil A. Malik, Marit Sijbrandij

Journal of Traumatic Stress, volume 35, issue 2 (2022), pp. 581-592

"Pakistan is considered to be relatively unsafe for journalists; however, little is known about how working in situations that involve a high risk of trauma exposure and personal threat impacts journalists' mental health. The present study aimed to examine the associations among reporting on topics ... more

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Google Scholar (255)

WorldCat (260)

Borderland: Decolonizing the Words of War

Chrisanthi Giotis

Oxford University Press (2022), x, 278 pp.

"In an era marked by an unprecedented refugee crisis and ongoing, seemingly unending, borderland conflicts, foreign correspondents could play a pivotal role in helping create a global public sphere that incorporates the perspectives of those who are most effected by ongoing resource-fueled wars—an ... more

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#DefendPressFreedom: Paradigm Repair, Role Perceptions and Filipino Journalists’ Counterstrategies to Anti-Media Populism and Delegitimizing Threats

Ayee Macaraig, Michael Hameleers

Journalism Studies, volume 23, issue 16 (2022), pp. 2078-2096

"Through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 18 Filipino reporters and editors from three influential media outlets that then President Rodrigo Duterte targeted as enemies – the broadcaster ABS-CBN, the newspaper Philippine Daily Inquirer, and the website Rappler – this paper offers novel i ... more

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Coping with the Murder: The Impact of Ján Kuciak’s Assassination on Slovak Investigative Journalists

Marína Urbániková, Lenka Haniková

Journalism Practice, volume 16, issue 9 (2022), pp. 1927-1947

"In this contribution, using a case-study approach, we focus on the assassination of Ján Kuciak and his fiancée and explore the impact and consequences that it had on the community of investigative journalists in Slovakia. By conducting a series of semi-structured interviews with top investigative ... more

Safety of Journalists Covering Trauma and Distress: ‘Do no Harm’ Key Guides

Equally Safe: Towards a Feminist Approach to the Safety of Journalists Deep Insights

Safety of Journalists Covering Trauma and Distress: ‘Do no Harm’
Key Guides

Equally Safe: Towards a Feminist Approach to the Safety of Journalists
Deep Insights