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Measuring what matters: How to assess AI’s environmental impact
Geneva: ITU (2025), viii, 21 pp.
This report synthesizes key findings from a diverse range of sources, including academic literature, corporate sustainability initiatives, and emerging environmental tracking tools. Collectively, these documents provide a thorough overview of current methodologies for evaluating the environmental im
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Digitaler Kolonialismus: Wie Tech-Konzerne und Großmächte die Welt unter sich aufteilen
Deep Insights
München: Beck (2025), 351 pp.
"Das Versprechen der Digitalen Revolution ist die Heilserzählung unsererZeit. Dieses Buch erzählt eine andere Geschichte: Die des digitalen Kolonialismus. Statt physisches Land einzunehmen, erobern die heutigen Kolonialherren den digitalen Raum. Statt nach Gold und Diamanten lassen sie unter mensc
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Atlas der KI: Die materielle Wahrheit hinter den neuen Datenimperien
Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb), Sonderausg. (2025), 336 pp.
"Ist Künstliche Intelligenz nur eine weitere Entwicklung der Digitalisierung des Alltags, eine effiziente Software in einer „Cloud“? Die KI-Forscherin Kate Crawford entlarvt diese verharmlosende Vorstellung und beleuchtet die konkreten Auswirkungen der Technologie auf die physische Welt. Ihre R
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Greening digital companies 2025: Monitoring emissions and climate commitments
Geneva; Amsterdam: ITU; World Benchmarking Alliance (2025), 90 pp.
"The fourth edition of the Greening Digital Companies: Monitoring Emissions and Climate Commitments report continues to track greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, energy use and climate commitments of 200 digital companies. It provides a critical foundation for setting science-based targets (SBTs), measu
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Nature Guidance for the Mobile Industry
London: GSMA (2025), 76 pp.
"This guidance addresses both the ‘why’ and the ‘how’ of nature assessments for mobile operators. It explains the reasoning behind taking action and offers practical recommendations for initiating and integrating a corporate nature strategy. The authors aimed to simplify the complex topic of
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Power Hungry: How AI Will Drive Energy Demand
Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2025), 28 pp.
"The development and deployment of large language models like ChatGPT across the world requires expanding data centers that consume vast amounts of electricity. Using descriptive statistics and a multi-country computable general equilibrium model (IMF-ENV), we examine how AI-driven data center growt
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Measuring the Emissions & Energy Footprint of the ICT Sector: Implications for Climate Action
Washington, DC; Geneva: World Bank; ITU (2024), vi, 45 pp.
"The objective of this report is two-fold. First, the report breaks down the energy and emissions profile of the sector and assesses the 30 highest emitting countries for telecommunications while providing global estimates for other ICT sector segments. The report uses a key framework for categorizi
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The Global E-Waste Monitor 2024
Deep Insights
Bonn; Geneva: United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR); ITU (2024), 148 pp.
In 2022, a record 62 billion kg of e-waste was generated globally (equivalent to an average of 7.8 kg per capita per year); 22.3 per cent of this e-waste mass was documented as formally collected and recycled in an environmentally sound manner. In 2010, the world generated 34 billion kg of e-waste,
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AI and the Environment: International Standards for AI and the Environment
Geneva: ITU (2024), vi, 43 pp.
"International standards provide the guidelines and benchmarks needed to measure and improve the environmental impact of AI. Codifying established best practices, standards help mitigate risks such as high energy consumption and lifecycle emissions. They also provide measurement methodologies to ass
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Metastudie "Nachhaltigkeitseffekte der Digitalisierung": Eine Auswertung aktueller Studien zur (quantitativen) Bemessung der Umwelteffekte durch die Digitalisierung
Berlin: Technopolis; Institut für ökologische Wirtschaftsforschung (2024), ix, 96 pp.
"In dieser Studie werden auf Basis der Literaturanalyse eine Vielzahl an Anwendungsfällen mit besonders hohen Potenzialen für positive Umwelteffekte identifiziert. Insbesondere im Energiebereich gibt es eine Vielzahl von vergleichsweise gut erforschten Anwendungsfällen. Hierzu zählt beispielswei
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The Routledge Handbook of Ecomedia Studies
New York; London: Routledge (2024), xxiii, 371 pp.
"The Routledge Handbook of Ecomedia Studies gathers leading work by critical scholars in this burgeoning field. Redressing the lack of environmental perspectives in the study of media, ecomedia studies asserts that media are in and about the environment, and environments are socially and materially
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Mobile Net Zero 2024: State of the Industry on Climate Action
London: GSMA (2024), 50 pp.
"Climate action continues to be a key priority for the mobile industry. In 2019, the mobile industry set a goal to reach net zero by 2050, becoming one of the first sectors in the world to set such an ambitious target. This report is the fourth annual assessment of the industry’s progress towards
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Smarter, greener extractivism: Digital infrastructures and the harnessing of new resources
Information, Communication & Society (2024), 20 pp.
"The past several years have seen increased scholarly attention to the concept of ‘extraction’ and ‘extractivism’ as critical frameworks in the humanities and social sciences. These are not only concepts and processes through which to understand material extraction but also expanded formatio
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"This is a guide for governments and other public sector organizations that procure information and communications technology (ICT) equipment, systems and services. It sets out the systems and process requirements for ICT procurement in a way that supports the transition to circular and sustainable
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"The amount of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) Placed on Market (POM) in the Western Balkans region increased from 0.16 Mt (9 kg/inhabitant) in 2010 to 0.21 Mt (13 kg/inhabitant) in 2021. Likewise, the regional e-waste generated nearly doubled from 0.09 Mt (5.3 kg/inhabitant) in 2010 to 0.
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National E-waste Monitor Botswana
Geneva: ITU (2023), viii, 29 pp.
"This report examines the overall statistics of electronic and electrical equipment (EEE) placed on the market (POM) and e-waste generation in Botswana. The main findings indicate that 21 097 tonnes of EEE were placed on the market in Botswana in 2020 generated by demand from households and business
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Digital Reset: Redirecting Technologies for the Deep Sustainability Transformation
München: Oekom Verlag; Digitalization for Sustainability (D4S) (2023), 106 pp.
"The Report »Digital Reset« shows how digital technologies can support the quest for such a deep sustainability transformation. The report provides a blueprint for the European Union on how to reconceptualise digitalisation so that it first and foremost contributes to achieving carbon neutrality,
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Towards the harmonization of data collection: A baseline study for e-waste in East Africa
Geneva: ITU (2023), x, 38 pp.
"This study enabled countries in East Africa to produce national statistics on e-waste generated that are harmonized and comparable across countries because the same methods and tools have been used in the assessment. In addition, households and businesses surveys were piloted in Kenya and Burundi t
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