"This study provides encouraging evidence that digital audience revenue programmes – donation drives, crowdfundings, membership schemes or subscriptions – may be a viable option for independent media outlets operating in challenging political environments. Responses from 19 outlets operating in Central and Eastern Europe and the Global South show that, while there is plenty of interference with independent media by state and political actors, there is little interference aimed at audience revenue programmes of independent newsrooms. Examination of the ownership structures and business setups of the outlets participating in the study shows how independent media is not necessarily just profit-driven in CEE and the Global South. Only half of the outlets in the cohort were fully for-profit and many of them had newsroom members as majority owners. While paywalls are a foregone conclusion in developed countries, for the media outlets in challenging environments included in this study, paywalls are very much up for debate. While all newsrooms in the project collect some form of audience revenue, only 37% had paywalls in place. Most outlets without paywalls worry about limiting the impact of their journalism, and this is why they are reluctant to charge for exclusive content. While their reservations may be perfectly legitimate, financially speaking paywalls work well for those who implement them. Outlets with active paywalls reported a higher share of audience revenue on average than those who do not have them." (Conclusions, page 56)