"The study’s key findings revealed that the Turkish information landscape is exposed to nearly all kinds of false information at very high rates. Frequent botnet and troll activity in Turkey’s social media use brings about more disinformation, fueling polarization and subversive discourse. Above all, one of the most troublesome suggestions is that “narratives evolve but false information perpetuates over time”. The study also drew correlative lines between Turkey’s alternative political realities and its polluted social media information and communication environment [...] Disinformation impacts almost all significant policy debates in Turkey, ranging from domestic politics to foreign policy and public health issues. For example, while the S-400 case was subject to ‘the US will invade Turkey’ paranoia as well as the false hopes revolving around the Russian SAM system as a ‘silver bullet solution to the imminent invasion’, the Coronavirus Pandemic witnessed biological warfare conspiracies going viral in the Turkish digital channels. In sum, Turkey has long been exposed to the vicious cycle of toxic discourse, disinformation, and extreme polarization in its digital information environment. This shortfall leads to critical vulnerabilities in the face of various hostile actors, ranging from state competitors to radical extremists." (Conclusion)