"Fake news has trumped up attention across cultures from the United States Elections to the Arab Spring. While political marketers have long used the language of fear and persuasion in their messaging, social media has intensified its impact. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of demographics and culture on the spread of fake news via social media. Based on a quantitative study, it finds that culture has the most significant impact on the spread of fake news. Results shows that age and not gender or education has a greater influence on the acceptance of fake news in particular cultures." (Abstract)

"A group of Saudi Arabian students studying overseas, on a social media platform, WhatsApp were asked to complete an online questionnaire on their demographics and culture and their views on fake news. Saudi Arabia was chosen for this study as it represents the highest number of internet users in the Gulf Countries and WhatsApp was chosen to distribute the survey as it is the most used social media channel in Saudi Arabia (Balfaqeeh, 2017). WhatsApp was banned in Saudi Arabia but this ban was lifted in 2017. The questionnaire was administered from July to August 2017, to Saudi Arabian students outside of Saudi Arabia." (Method, page 5)