"This study explores the resilience and success factors of exile media in Asia, focusing on Afghanistan and Myanmar — two countries where independent journalism has collapsed under authoritarian regimes. Once seen as regional media success stories, both nations have experienced drastic political shifts that forced many journalists and media outlets into exile. Amid rising global repression and shrinking donor support, understanding how exile media remain viable, independent, and impactful is increasingly urgent. The study identifies key factors that enable media organizations to adapt, survive, and continue serving their communities from abroad. It also offers practical recommendations for exile media, media development actors, donors, and policymakers.
Using a qualitative, comparative case study approach, the research draws on desk reviews, eight interviews, and three focus group discussions conducted between July and September 2025. It examines how exile media navigate challenges related to audience and communities, content and impact measurement, revenue and business models, technology and safety. To protect those still working in-country, participating media organizations remain anonymous. The findings highlight how Afghan and Myanmar exile media demonstrate resilience through institutional strength, adaptability, and sustained audience trust. Success is defined by operational viability and public impact—offering replicable strategies for other media operating under similar constraints." (Executive summary, page 6)