"Andersen explores the definition of humanitarian communication, its history, language, visual renderings, and narrative structures. Building on the historical effects of media depictions and their relationship to aid appeals and public response, the chapter engages the concepts of empathy and compassion, post-humanitarianism, the formulation of an ironic spectator, the contentious notion of compassion fatigue, the ethics of solidarity, and the articulation of global citizenship. She discusses the challenges that complex emergencies and human suffering pose to journalists, media organizations, and aid agencies, and addresses the media pitfalls and dominant critiques of crisis representation. From early-published photographs of starving children, to contemporary aid appeals for Syrian Refugees, issues of stereotypes and narrative exclusions are understood along a trajectory of historical development and context." (Introduction to part 1, page 10)