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Aggregation and Summarisation
INTRAC (2019), 7 pp.
"CSOs sometimes need to summarise or aggregate information across multiple interventions. This can be a difficult and challenging task, especially for large non-governmental organisations (NGOs) working in many different countries and/or sectors. Summarisation and aggregation can be achieved through
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Surveys and Questionnaires
INTRAC (2017), 5 pp.
"Surveys and questionnaires are designed to collect and record information from multiple people, groups or organisations in a consistent way. Surveys and questionnaires can be used on their own as data collection tools. They are also an essential part of some more complex data collection and analysi
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Tracer Studies
INTRAC (2017), 3 pp.
"In a tracer study, data is collected and analysed repeatedly over time. For monitoring and evaluation purposes, tracer studies are often designed to track changes at individual level, following a development intervention. However, they might also focus on other units of analysis such as communities
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Theory of Change
INTRAC (2017), 4 pp.
"A Theory of Change approach to planning and evaluation is increasingly being considered essential practice within social development. Theories of Change can be developed in many ways. Common elements include an articulation of how change happens in a particular context, clarification of an organisa
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Focus Group Discussions
INTRAC (2017), 3 pp.
"Focus group discussions are facilitated discussions, held with a small group of people who have specialist knowledge or interest in a particular topic. They are used to find out the perceptions and attitudes of a defined group of people. Focus group discussions can be applied at any stage of the pr
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Types of Evaluation
INTRAC (2017), 4 pp.
"There are many different types of evaluation. Each type has its own set of processes and/or principles. Many factors influence decisions over what type of evaluation to use. Evaluations can be categorised according to their purpose, who conducts them, when they are carried out, the broad approach u
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Participatory Evaluation
INTRAC (2017), 3 pp.
"A participatory evaluation actively involves key stakeholders, especially the intended beneficiaries of a project or programme, in the design and implementation of the evaluation. Participatory evaluations can be carried out for many reasons. The two most common are to empower beneficiaries to bett
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Process Tracing
INTRAC (2017), 5 pp.
"Process tracing is a qualitative analysis methodology. The main purpose of process tracing is to establish whether, and how, a potential cause or causes influenced a specified change or set of changes. This is done by applying formal tests to examine the strength of evidence linking potential cause
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Photography and Video
INTRAC (2017), 3 pp.
"Photography and video can be used as data collection methods. They can also be used to help analyse or communicate information. Photography and video can be used as monitoring and evaluation tools on their own, or in combination with other methodologies. They can both be applied as participatory te
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Developmental Evaluation
INTRAC (2017), 3 pp.
"Developmental evaluation involves long-term relationships between evaluators and project or programme staff. Evaluation is ongoing, which means that feedback can be provided on a continuous basis. Development evaluation is particularly appropriate for projects or programmes working in complex or un
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Qualitative Comparative Analysis
INTRAC (2017), 5 pp.
"Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is a methodology that enables the analysis of multiple cases in complex situations. It can help explain why change happens in some cases but not others. QCA is designed for use with an intermediate number of cases, typically between 10 and 50. It can be used i
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"To understand the changes brought about by a project or programme it is first necessary to understand what the original situation was. This is known as the baseline. Baselines can range from simple data collection exercises through to large, expensive surveys. They are an important part of many M&E
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Indicators
INTRAC (2017), 4 pp.
"Indicators are commonly used in social development to provide evidence of change. They form an important part of most monitoring and evaluation systems and approaches. There are many different types of indicator, including quantitative and qualitative indicators. They can be developed in different
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Utilisation-Focused Evaluation
INTRAC (2017), 2 pp.
"Utilisation-focused evaluations (UFEs) are based on the principle that an evaluation should be judged according to how useful it is. UFEs should be planned and implemented in a way that increases the likelihood of the findings being used. This normally means identifying the primary users of an eval
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Secondary Data Sources
INTRAC (2017), 2 pp.
"Sometimes, information is used for planning, monitoring or evaluation that has previously been collected by other people or organisations for their own purposes. This is known as secondary data. There are many potential sources of secondary data. Secondary data can be used at any stage of a project
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"Sampling is a process that enables information to be collected from a small number of individuals or organisations within a project or programme, and then used to draw conclusions about a wider population. There are many different sampling methods. Quantitative analysis tends to require large, rand
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Most Significant Change
INTRAC (2017), 4 pp.
"The Most Significant Change (MSC) technique is a form of participatory monitoring and evaluation. It involves the collection and selection of stories of change, produced by programme or project stakeholders. MSC can be used in projects and programmes where it is not possible to precisely predict de
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Monitoring
INTRAC (2017), 6 pp.
"Monitoring is the systematic and continuous collection and analysis of information about the progress of a development intervention. Monitoring is done to ensure that all the people who need to know about an intervention are properly informed, and so that decisions can be taken in a timely manner.
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Gender-Responsive Evaluation
INTRAC (2017), 3 pp.
"A gender-responsive evaluation includes two main components. It assesses the degree to which gender and power relationships change as a result of an intervention. And it ensures that women’s voices are prominent throughout the evaluation. Gender-responsive evaluations can be used to evaluate any
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