"Traces the history of international broadcasting - broadcasting outside national frontiers - from the early days of radio to the present, with a look at the impact of these broadcasts and how they can be measured. The authors also examine some of the problems inherent in the practice, including jam
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ming, and they consider the future of the medium. They explain that they have made the study as comprehensive as possible, but because of the wide range of the subject, the number of stations involved, and the difficulty in getting facts, there are inevitable omissions. There is a bibliography and an appendix, "Estimated Total Programme Hours Per Week of Some External Broadcasters." (Eleanor Blum, Frances G. Wilhoit: Mass media bibliography. 3rd ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990 Nr. 539)
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"Browne calls this book a selective history of international radio broadcasting designed to help the reader 'understand better the reasons for the birth and growth of international stations in particular and international radio in general, the sorts of internal and external pressures that bear upon
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stations, the sorts of messages they broadcast, and the types of listeners they reach.' Documentation varies because it is sometimes unavailable, but it is richest for the Western stations, including Communist ones, and thinnest for the Third World stations. Contents include a general discussion of structure and growth; stations in specific countries or parts of the world; religious stations; audience research; and conclusions, speculations and suggestions. Appendixes give: International Broadcasting Program Categories; Language Services Added (and dropped) by Six Major International Broadcasters - 1960-1980; Estimated Weekly Broadcast Hours for Some Leading International Radio Stations; and Six Major Broadcasters and Their Services in Some of the World's Major Languages. There is also a bibliographical essay and an index." (Eleanor Blum, Frances G. Wilhoit: Mass media bibliography. 3rd ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990 Nr. 536)
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"The most striking impression is the fact that little research exists. Our review touched studies and discussions of many kinds, all with some relation to the central question, "What are the effects of cross-cultural broadcasting?" Much of what we found is based on fear or undue optimism. The lack o
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f studies firmly rooted in data: this is the overriding fact about this inquiry. While the image of cross-cultural broadcasting may be one of the ''cultural'' interchange, the reality is that of the marketplace. Commercial values are the rule; non-commercial broadcasting is not a major competitor to commercial programming. Programmes intended for any type of social improvement are rare. If they exist at all, they can be found on radio much more than on television or in films. General entertainment programming has a definite social value, but most observers would hope for programming more explicitly geared to the social needs of their diverse audiences. Furthermore, imported entertainment programmes produced for foreign audiences penetrate the host culture in ways that are not understood. Lack of understanding generates uneasiness and fear." (Implications of this report, 40)
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"An introduction to the practice of overseas broadcasting as propaganda and the various ideological philosophies back of it, in terms both of sender and receiver. Analysis centers around Nazi Germany, the Communist countries, the U.S.'s Voice of America, Britain's BBC, and the undeveloped parts of t
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he world. A large section is devoted to factors affecting success or failure. Appendixes give a table of radio sets and ownership around the world in 1973; external broadcasting statistics in 1950, 1960, 1970, and 1973; extracts from internal Policy Guidelines of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty; and extracts from a BBC unpublished monitoring report." (Eleanor Blum, Frances G. Wilhoit: Mass media bibliography. 3rd ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990 Nr. 641)
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"Head's knowledge of the structure of television worldwide is monumental, as is his ability to organize it into books. In Broadcasting in Africa 35 authors, including Head himself, have contributed essays which give a comprehensive picture of African broadcasting country by country, and the role whi
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ch non-Africans play in shaping it. Information given for each African nation includes population, receivers per thousand, radio transmitter sites, area per site. Otherwise information varies a bit, with longer discussions for larger countries. The authors discuss the system against the background of such factors as geography, politics, and language, and include broadcasting history and, when available, audience data. The second half of the book is concemed with the ways in which other nations are influencing African broadcasting. Here are discussions of international broadcasting agencies and programs, religious broadcasting, foreign aid, training, research, educational uses to which broadcasting is put, and the commerce of broadcasting. Head concludes with an agenda for further study. Appendixes give technical problems of spectrum utilization, the uses of broadcasting in African political crises, historical and demographic data, a summary of system facilities, and languages used in broadcasting. There is a lengthy bibliography and a comprehensive index." (Eleanor Blum, Frances G. Wilhoit: Mass media bibliography. 3rd ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990 Nr. 650)
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"Foreign programmes of 13 radio stations broadcasting daily to Yugoslavia were chosen in order to test the initial hypothesis of ideological determination of external radio propaganda, which was operationalized by a set of subhypotheses. There are, in fact, 15 foreign broadcasting stations in 14 cou
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ntries regularly beaming their daily programmes to Yugoslavia in the languages of the Yugoslav nations, but two of them were not included in the analysis because of monitoring difficulties (Radio Madrid) and because the content was too specific (Radio Vatican). The week between Sunday, 9 September and Saturday, 15 September 1973 was chosen for the content analysis of 13 foreign radio programmes in the Serbo-Croat language, a total amount of 7,700 minutes. In addition, External Services of Radio Belgrade (Yugoslavia) were included in the analysis in order to compare foreign programmes with the Yugoslav ones. The findings of this empirical research confirm the significance of the ideological dimension of propaganda, which stood out in the sample of radio propaganda stations as a particular factor having the largest discriminatory power (the “ideological factor” explained the largest part of common variance in the five-dimensional factor space). The frequency of appearance of symbols, the fact that they either appear or do not, and particularly their explicit evaluation in the analysed messages, are those basic characteristics of propaganda which make it possible to distinguish clearly between various sorts of propaganda on the basis of its value and prescriptive orientation. The results indicate a class-ideological determination of foreign radio programmes, in which the stations of the socialist countries do not coincide with the evaluative orientation of Radio Belgrade, as representative of the Yugoslav media. The analysis revealed five typical clusters of broadcasting stations, three generated by western and two by eastern stations: (1) Moscow and Sofia, (2) Peking and Tirana, (3) Deutsche Welle and Deutschlandfunk, (4) BBC, Paris, and Voice of America, (5) Athens and Voice of Turkey." (Conclusion, page 48)
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"Les activités du Service des Emissions Mondiales — Information belge à destination de l'Afrique — Programmes des émissions de la « Voix de l'Amitié «." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 1485, topic code
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222)
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"Description des auditoires asiatiques — Pôle d'intérêt de ces stations." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 1679, topic code 261)
"Présentation de la nouvelle formule des jeunes d'Afrique — Mensuel mi-sonore, mi-écrit présenté par l'OCORA aux stations qu'elle assiste — L'ensemble fournit un éventail de seize émissions par mois, facilement adaptables aux besoins locaux." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The
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use of mass media in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 500, topic code 222)
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"Compte rendu du colloque organisé par l'OCORA du 13 au 16 mars 1967, réunissant les représentants des différentes stations africaines de radiodiffusion auxquelles l'OCORA apporte son assistance." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries. Bruss
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els: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 2187, topic code 220)
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"The problem of jamming in international broadcasting — The start of jamming — Development — The Cold War and "jamming" — Anti-jamming techniques — Cooperation and understanding between peoples should be the primary aim: jamming should disappear after an agreement made under United Nations
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' supervision in order that all programmes may be broadcast in their entirety and heard without interruption." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 308, topic code 29)
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"The author describes the experience of different forms and methods of broadcasting obtained by Radio Berlin International and in particular by the staff who edit programmes for Africa and he defines the tasks of the reporters working for this department — He mentions the range of subjects mainly
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used for broadcasts to Africa and examines certain problems which arise in connection with the broadcasting of information to Africa." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 2432, topic code 222)
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"Hinterlassenschaft aus der Kolonialzeit — Bedeutung des Rundfunks für den Staat — Kampf der Sowjets und Rundfunk Bastionen — Deutsche Welle mit 250 KW-Sender in Rwanda — Auch die anderen westlichen Länder sind in Afrika tätig." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass m
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edia in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 2421, topic code 210.0)
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"To what extent do peoples really communicate with each other? — The author studies the question of broadcasting, which he looks upon as a means of communication between the various countries of the world — He studies the political, economic and social implications — It is possible to have a d
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ifferent conception of radio from that held in the past — The author recommends more realistic planning of programmes based on the diversity of the public — Thus broadcasting should take into account the many types of audience and programmes should be designed to achieve specific aims." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 349, topic code 04)
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"Guide des émissions radiophoniques dans l'ex-Afrique française." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 1656, topic code 222)
"Nées entre deux guerres les émissions radiophoniques européennes n'ont cessé de se développer — L'Europe en offrant ce qu'elle a de meilleur dans sa culture et en se sensibilisant à tout ce que les cultures africaines peuvent lui apporter, contribue au dialogue nécessaire et à la compréh
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ension mutuelle indispensables au progrès harmonieux des uns et des autres. Article en anglais: pp. 9-12." (Jean-Marie Van Bol, Abdelfattah Fakhfakh: The use of mass media in the developing countries. Brussels: CIDESA, 1971 Nr. 1130, topic code 222)
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