"United Nations agencies currently do not have commonly agreed tools for assessing the impact of Communication for Development (C4D) programmes. This paper is designed to help them explore the key issues surrounding C4D, consider case studies and best practice methodology and propose a set of draft indicators for monitoring and evaluation (M&E). Nevertheless, this publication is also of value for anybody interested in M&E. It presents in a clear and succinct way the principal tools and approaches, from conventional, quantitative research techniques to more intricate, participatory processes, and it summarises the challenges to communication for development M&E. Case studies are used to illustrate how initiatives have used a variety of approaches to gather informative results and feed these back into programme design. The authors emphasise that a tailored toolkit approach is necessary in order to deal with the many complexities of C4D evaluation. They highlight the need for flexibility within any evaluation and discuss the strengths of Most Significant Change, Outcome Mapping and the Logframe as state of the art evaluation techniques. Qualitative and quantitative tools should be used as complementary strategies for providing the most comprehensive, clear and pragmatic assessment and reporting of C4D." (CAMECO Update 4-2009)