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Theory of Change: A Short Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography
Washington, DC: Global Environment Facility (2019), 24 pp.
Theory of change workshops: Guidance and resources
London: LSE Care Policy and Evaluation Centre (2019), 20 pp.
Theory of Change: Facilitator’s Guide
Key Guides
Washington, DC: Technical and Operational Performance Support (TOPS) Program; Save the Children; USAID (2019), viii, 120 pp.
"The main learning objective for the five-module course is to become familiar with a process that uses thorough causal analysis as the foundation for creating an evidence-based TOC for development programs. Each of the five modules can be completed in one 8-hour day, including two 15-minute breaks a
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"In this study, we have seen that, in contrast to causal models, narrative and overview models of Theories of Change are mainly used by donors and implementing organisations. However, causal models offer a lot more information that would help improve project planning, as well as monitoring and evalu
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Can the TV Makeover Format of Edutainment Lead to Widespread Changes in Farmer Behaviour and Influence Innovation Systems? Shamba Shape Up in Kenya
Land Use Policy, volume 76 (2018), pp. 338-351
"Edutainment, the combination of education with entertainment through various media such as television, radio, mobile phone applications and games, is increasingly being used as an approach to stimulate innovation and increase agricultural productivity amongst smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Afri
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Theory of Change Analysis: Building Robust Theories of Change
Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, volume 32, issue 2 (2017), pp. 155-173
"Models for theories of change vary widely as do how they are used. What constitutes a good or robust theory of change has not been discussed much. This article sets out and discusses criteria for robust theories of change. As well, it discusses how these criteria can be used to undertake a vigorous
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Theory of Change
INTRAC (2017), 4 pp.
"A Theory of Change approach to planning and evaluation is increasingly being considered essential practice within social development. Theories of Change can be developed in many ways. Common elements include an articulation of how change happens in a particular context, clarification of an organisa
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Developing and Using Program Logic: A Guide
Sydney: NSW Ministry of Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence (2017), 16 pp.
"This guide promotes a planned and structured approach to developing program logic and includes information on: the meaning and purpose of program logic; when and how to develop program logic; how program logic can be used, with a particular focus on planning an evaluation. A program logic model is
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"The purpose of this companion guidance is to provide practical and hands-on technical guidance on developing a theory of change as an integral part of the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) process. It should be read as a complement to the 2017 UNDAF Guidance and relates closel
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Evaluating the Use of Communication for Development in Conflict Interventions: Measuring Peace in Participatory Communication
Commons: Revista de Comunicación y Ciudadanía Digital, volume 6, issue 1 (2017), pp. 96-112
"The application of Communication for Development (C4D) in conflict prevention, conflict reduction and post-conflict reconstruction interventions is a relatively new field. International organisations that have begun to adopt new communication & media designs in their peace work are progressively of
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"Robust monitoring, evaluation, reporting, and learning (MERL) are critical components of successful programming. The MERL components enable program stakeholders to monitor progress and evaluate the achievement of expected results. Reporting processes and timelines should be clearly defined and tail
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"Building a theory of change with solid theoretical foundations and widespread buy-in requires organizations to invest time and resources into a process with multiple steps and participation at all levels of the program. In this article we outline some of the preparatory work needed to guide a team
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Design a Theory of Change
Social Velocity (2015), 17 pp.
"Why Create a Theory of Change? It is no longer enough for nonprofits to do “good work.” With growing competition for social change dollars it is absolutely crucial that nonprofits develop their own Theory of Change. Funders, policy makers and board members are increasingly demanding that nonpro
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Theory of Change Thinking in Practice: A Stepwise Approach
Key Guides
The Hague: Hivos (2015), 118 pp.
"Part A introduces theory of change (ToC) and Hivos’ perspective on ToC thinking: what it is, what you should know before you start, and key features of ToC thinking that you need to understand in order to be able to use the approach effectively and reap the benefits of the process. ‘Theory of C
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Communication for Development in Peacebuilding: Directions on Research and Evaluation for an Emerging Field
Critical Arts: South-North Cultural and Media Studies, volume 29, issue 6 (2015), pp. 801-817
"This article highlights the key areas in which Communication for Development (C4D) can play a role in the aftermath of conflict, with a focus both at the community and at the national level. It provides an overview of the literature that has begun to discuss C4D in the light of peace creation. It i
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The Advocacy Strategy Framework: A Tool for Articulating an Advocacy Theory of Change
Center for Evaluation Innovation (2015), 14 pp.
"This brief offers a simple one-page tool for thinking about the theories of change that underlie public policy advocacy strategies. It first presents the tool and then offers six questions that advocates, and funders working with advocates, can work through to better articulate their theories of ch
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Theory of Change: How to Navigate Towards Positive Change in Complex Social Settings. An Inspirational Guide for Development CSOs
Key Guides
Faglight Fokus (2015), 71 pp.
"The purpose of this guide is to help managers and development practitioners to really understand what a Theory of Change approach involves and includes, how it can complement and strengthen already existing methods for planning and evaluation, and how to get started on this journey. It introduces t
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Strategic Planning for Nonprofit Organizations: A Practical Guide for Dynamic Times
Key Guides
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 3rd ed. (2015), xvii, 283 pp.
"Strategic Planning for Nonprofit Organizations, Third Edition, offers a conceptual framework and detailed process suggestions for strategic planning by nonprofit organizations. For readers of one of the first two editions, much will look familiar, but much is new as well. The logic and flow of the
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Creating Your Theory of Change: NPC’s Practical Guide
London: New Philanthropy Capital (NPC) (2014), 29 pp.
"Theory of change is actually a very simple concept. Throughout our work and personal lives we have aims, objectives and ideas about how to achieve our goals, but we rarely take the time to think these through, articulate and scrutinise them. All a theory of change process does is to make these assu
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Theory of Change
Florence: UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti (2014), 13 pp.
"This brief discusses the concept of theory of change in the broader sense of the term, while recognizing that it is sometimes defined more narrowly. A theory of change can be used for strategic planning or programme/policy planning to identify the current situation (in terms of needs and opportunit
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