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The Use of Theories of Change in Media and Governance Programmes

Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC);Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Institute of Applied Media Studies (IAM) (2019), 41 pp.
"In this study, we have seen that, in contrast to causal models, narrative and overview models of Theories of Change are mainly used by donors and implementing organisations. However, causal models offer a lot more information that would help improve project planning, as well as monitoring and evalu ... more

Theory of Change: Facilitator’s Guide

Washington, DC: Technical and Operational Performance Support (TOPS) Program;Save the Children;USAID (2019), viii, 120 pp.
"The main learning objective for the five-module course is to become familiar with a process that uses thorough causal analysis as the foundation for creating an evidence-based TOC for development programs. Each of the five modules can be completed in one 8-hour day, including two 15-minute breaks a ... more
"Having a refreshed, up-to-date and accurate theory of change (ToC) for each LEAP service—and the LEAP programme overall—is a priority for the LEAP Evaluation and Research team. This is because an accurate ToC is the blueprint for evaluation at service- and programme-level. While some services a ... more
"Edutainment, the combination of education with entertainment through various media such as television, radio, mobile phone applications and games, is increasingly being used as an approach to stimulate innovation and increase agricultural productivity amongst smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Afri ... more
"The application of Communication for Development (C4D) in conflict prevention, conflict reduction and post-conflict reconstruction interventions is a relatively new field. International organisations that have begun to adopt new communication & media designs in their peace work are progressively of ... more

Developing and Using Program Logic: A Guide

Sydney: NSW Ministry of Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence (2017), 16 pp.
"This guide promotes a planned and structured approach to developing program logic and includes information on: the meaning and purpose of program logic; when and how to develop program logic; how program logic can be used, with a particular focus on planning an evaluation. A program logic model is ... more
"A Theory of Change approach to planning and evaluation is increasingly being considered essential practice within social development. Theories of Change can be developed in many ways. Common elements include an articulation of how change happens in a particular context, clarification of an organisa ... more

Theory of Change: UNDAF Companion Guidance

United Nations Development Group (UNDG) (2017), 14 pp.
"The purpose of this companion guidance is to provide practical and hands-on technical guidance on developing a theory of change as an integral part of the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) process. It should be read as a complement to the 2017 UNDAF Guidance and relates closel ... more
"Models for theories of change vary widely as do how they are used. What constitutes a good or robust theory of change has not been discussed much. This article sets out and discusses criteria for robust theories of change. As well, it discusses how these criteria can be used to undertake a vigorous ... more
"Robust monitoring, evaluation, reporting, and learning (MERL) are critical components of successful programming. The MERL components enable program stakeholders to monitor progress and evaluate the achievement of expected results. Reporting processes and timelines should be clearly defined and tail ... more
"Building a theory of change with solid theoretical foundations and widespread buy-in requires organizations to invest time and resources into a process with multiple steps and participation at all levels of the program. In this article we outline some of the preparatory work needed to guide a team ... more
"Part A introduces theory of change (ToC) and Hivos’ perspective on ToC thinking: what it is, what you should know before you start, and key features of ToC thinking that you need to understand in order to be able to use the approach effectively and reap the benefits of the process. ‘Theory of C ... more
"This brief offers a simple one-page tool for thinking about the theories of change that underlie public policy advocacy strategies. It first presents the tool and then offers six questions that advocates, and funders working with advocates, can work through to better articulate their theories of ch ... more
"The purpose of this guide is to help managers and development practitioners to really understand what a Theory of Change approach involves and includes, how it can complement and strengthen already existing methods for planning and evaluation, and how to get started on this journey. It introduces t ... more

Design a Theory of Change

Social Velocity (2015), 17 pp.
"Why Create a Theory of Change? It is no longer enough for nonprofits to do “good work.” With growing competition for social change dollars it is absolutely crucial that nonprofits develop their own Theory of Change. Funders, policy makers and board members are increasingly demanding that nonpro ... more
"Strategic Planning for Nonprofit Organizations, Third Edition, offers a conceptual framework and detailed process suggestions for strategic planning by nonprofit organizations. For readers of one of the first two editions, much will look familiar, but much is new as well. The logic and flow of the ... more
"This article highlights the key areas in which Communication for Development (C4D) can play a role in the aftermath of conflict, with a focus both at the community and at the national level. It provides an overview of the literature that has begun to discuss C4D in the light of peace creation. It i ... more

Theory of Change

Florence: UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti (2014), 13 pp.
"This brief discusses the concept of theory of change in the broader sense of the term, while recognizing that it is sometimes defined more narrowly. A theory of change can be used for strategic planning or programme/policy planning to identify the current situation (in terms of needs and opportunit ... more
"Theory of change is actually a very simple concept. Throughout our work and personal lives we have aims, objectives and ideas about how to achieve our goals, but we rarely take the time to think these through, articulate and scrutinise them. All a theory of change process does is to make these assu ... more