"This book responds to mounting calls to broaden the theorization of digital journalism, addressing critical questions about an emerging yet rapidly expanding area of study, and presenting multiple entry points and approaches that help us understand digital journalism better. Seeking to establish it
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self as a rich resource and a defining reference point for the evolving field, the handbook provides a critical appraisal and a useful overview of novel approaches and concepts, backed by a full breadth of dynamic and diverse interactions drawn from overlapping and critical studies by some of the leading experts on digital journalism. This handbook presents multiple methodological perspectives, reporting strategies, threats and opportunities and valuable insights on future trajectories for digital journalism practice in an era dominated by digital media technology. Split into four parts, it has been uniquely assembled to investigate and critique the full potential of digital journalism capturing broader, cross-cultural perspectives from all four corners of the world." (Publisher description)
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"When aid professionals adopt high tech pilot projects, ignorance, blind faith, misplaced trust, and authentic expertise all come into play. Based on ethnographic research in Jordan, I examine how a refugee aid organisation produces and applies a blockchain pilot. Innovative pilots help internationa
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l aid organisations attract and maintain their funding sources and reputations. I argue that The Blockchain Pilot is ‘conjured’ as a product to be promoted to a marketplace of aid donors. ‘Conjurings’ are the spectacles and magical appearances that draw an audience of investors. Ethnographic research suggests that conjurings drive capitalist markets. Rather than just requiring knowledge and expertise, I argue that conjurings entail key forms of ignorance: (i) confusion, (ii) illusion, (iii) disappearance, and (iv) misdirection. This ignorance is both strategic and inadvertent. Ignorance, just like knowledge, is shaped by hierarchical power relations. The organisation’s experimental adoption of a blockchain database system benefits some stakeholders (innovators, private partners) more than others (local aid workers and refugees). The conjuring of the pilot is what justifies the adoption of blockchain, even though a simple database would have sufficed." (Abstract)
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"Blockchain originated from the aspiration for decentralization, and in Western countries, its association with freedom from governmental and corporate dominance remains unwavering. However, in China–where blockchain has taken an intriguing foothold–the socio-technical imaginaries of blockchain
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diverge significantly. As China rises in blockchain development, critical literature examining its ventures is notably lacking. This article analyses state-led initiatives and corporate endeavours related to blockchain deployment in rural China. While blockchain’s roots lie in libertarian ideals, within China, it serves as a ‘state techno-solutionist’ tool, empowering authoritarian capitalism for enhanced state control and corporate profit through data exploitation. Although the application of blockchain in agricultural tracing and finance is heralded as a blessing to elevate smallholder farmers from poverty and enhance agricultural practices, the reality contrasts sharply. Instead of empowering farmers, the technology exacerbates power imbalances, embedding them in a system marked by extensive data harvesting and surveillance. Such integration entangles these farmers subsisting on China’s economic fringes within broader national and global capitalist financial frameworks, rendering them more susceptible to exploitation and manipulation. Moreover, blockchain in rural China epitomizes authoritarian capitalism, where capitalists aligning closely with state agendas. Blockchain’s transparency, traceability, and tamper-resistant features, instead of diminishing government interference, are harnessed by capitalists to amplify the social credit system, strengthening the data dominance of platform companies and supporting state surveillance. Therefore, blockchain emerges as a threat to rural China’s ways of life–all driven by the pursuit of corporate profit and the government’s quest to reclaim national greatness." (Abstract)
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"Cryptocurrencies, and the blockchain technology that underlies them, have attracted much attention over the last decade from scholars, tech communities, financial institutions, states and more. The extreme volatility of the cryptocurrency market has made some people very rich and cost others almost
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everything. Importantly, there are many indications that marginalized communities are especially attracted to this new technology while being more vulnerable to issues such as fraud and exploitation in this field. This paper reviews academic research –predominantly social scientific – on cryptocurrencies and financial blockchain to determine the extent to which they engage with the experiences, agencies, and knowledges of marginalized communities. Overall, the findings show that, bar a few important exceptions that take seriously marginalized communities, academic research has largely focused on traditionally dominant actors such as crypto evangelists, fintech developers, states, and banks. Furthermore, the knowledges of marginalized communities are almost entirely absent while research privileges already dominant theories and research methodologies. Such trends in academic research on cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology reproduce existing knowledge hierarchies and lead to the further material marginalization of already vulnerable communities. In light of these findings, we conclude with some recommendations for further research that can challenge these problematic dynamics."(Abstract)
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"The freedom of media and the safety of journalists are crucial elements in democratic societies. Despite global efforts to increase the safety of journalists, the profession remains plagued by perilous working conditions. With increasing digital threats to journalists' security and ability to work,
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blockchain technology might offer practical solutions to counteract specific vulnerabilities in the digital realm. This exploratory paper investigates the possible scopes of blockchain technology applications in improving the digital safety of journalists. With a qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with investigative journalists and blockchain experts, the study examines the threats journalists face in the digital realm and aims to understand the current and future opportunities and challenges of using blockchain technology for the digital safety of journalists. The results suggest that blockchain technology might already aid in protecting identities and communications, logging security breaches, and enabling decentralized data storage, among others. However, significant challenges exist in various dimensions, such as technical (e.g., scalability), political (e.g., lack of clear regulations), and social (e.g., acceptance). More research is needed to understand the full potential of blockchain technology in improving the digital safety of journalists and the steps and challenges ahead for a smooth adoption of this technology." (Abstract)
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"El Salvador’s experiment, though mired with fiscal and political issues from before, has shown that the adoption of public blockchain assets like Bitcoin are not taken in good regard by legacy financial multilateral institutions and are seen with great skepticism and concern. Although the adoptio
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n of Chivo has been impressive as a platform, bitcoin payments even for remittances are still not the majority. The separation of state and money, if it happens, will be an uphill and contradictory battle, especially if El Salvador’s government fails to properly manage the experiment. Central America is interestingly home to a wide array of financial systems as of the writing of this paper. Four of its countries have their own currency and Central Banks: Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Honduras. El Salvador has a Central Bank of Reserve which does not issue money but does manage the country’s reserves, serves as lender of last resort, and now has anointed Bitcoin as legal tender alongside the dollar. Panama does not have a central bank at all, uses the USD as subsidiary legal tender with substantial monetary freedom and is considering cryptoassets in general as means of payment and not legal tender. El Salvador’s results in the next 5-10 years and possible steps by other countries in the region will determine whether non-state-issued crypto assets could viably become functional legal tender in countries and whether relatively poor and small countries can lead the way in financial and regulatory innovation or if they will have to remain followers of the rest of the developed world." (Conclusion)
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"Before reaching a conclusive answer on the potential of blockchain for development purposes, we believe it is worthwhile to implement a number of proofs-of-concept and pilot projects for the most promising use cases. These will not only help us determine the practical benefits of distributed ledger
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technologies (DLT) and acquire much-needed implementation know-how, but also pave the way for successful scaling efforts. With this in mind, we developed this publication as guidance for practitioners from government, the private sector and actors from international cooperation and development. We are aware that no onesize-fits-all approach exists, and in many cases individual evaluations will be needed, taking into account both the specific context of application and the increasing convergence of blockchain with other technologies such as sensor networks, Artificial Intelligence, fintech applications and cloud computing.
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"Blockchain tehcnology (BT) can make a significant contribution to the future development of Latin America. It provides a robust alternative to weak state authorities in the fight for democratically legitimised laws and standards that have only been applied to a limited extent, or not at all. BT cou
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ld therefore provide democratic structures with a new legitimacy, especially in developing and emerging countries. The decentralised currency Bitcoin, which functions as a kind of alternative currency to those issued by politically misused central banks, is already a perfect example of this. However, the technology itself can also be abused, as evidenced by the increasing use of digital currencies by authoritarian regimes to circumvent international capital market barriers. It is also difficult to curb the trade in illegal goods. The fact that a blockchain never forgets also presents a potential problem. If public administrations or social media services, for example, opted to work on a blockchain basis, it would probably be very difficult to enforce a right to be forgotten. It is therefore vital for the future use of BT that free and democratic societies provide the greatest possible freedom in the ongoing development of the technology. This will require both political courage and trust." (Conclusion)
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"This publication aims to provide timely and relevant information on the major ICT trends and the implications of these trends. It serves as a knowledge resource for policymakers and government officials in Asia and the Pacific to increase their awareness and appreciation for the continuously evolvi
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ng ICT landscape. It intends to present a broad understanding of how new and emerging ICT trends could be utilized to support sustainable and inclusive development. This publication is a collection of brief write-ups on the following eight ICT trends: 1. Digital Healthcare; 2. Mobile Payments; 3. Assistive Technologies; 4. Internet of Things; 5. 5th Generation Mobile Networks; 6. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning; 7. Blockchain and Shared Ledgers; 8. 3D Printing. This set of topics was selected based on their relevance to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The topics selected also aim to provide a broadly representative sample covering a wide range of technology areas spanning hardware, networking, software and data, as well as application domains (i.e., healthcare, finance and disability). Each write-up introduces the topic by first describing the technology features and components, and then proceeds to highlight potential application areas and use cases, with examples from the Asia-Pacific region and beyond. This is followed by a discussion on the policy implications involving regulatory aspects, standards and linkages to the SDGs. Each write-up may vary slightly to highlight relevant aspects." (About, page 7)
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"This study opens by diving into what blockchain is and why it is a new tech tool for development. Thereafter, we explore four ways in which blockchain can be applied to hack the future of development aid and accelerate the Sustainable Development Goals. Hack #1: Innovate (aid) money with cryptocurr
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ency. Hack #2: Turn rights into code on the blockchain. Hack #3: Program aid money and agreements. Hack #4: Disrupt the aid model." (Page 3)
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