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Violence, impunity and their impact on press freedom
In: The Routledge Companion to Freedom of Expression and Censorship
London; New York: Routledge (2024), 11 pp.
"The right of journalists to work in a secure environment, without being intimidated, harassed, attacked, abused or murdered, is of fundamental importance to freedom of expression globally. Yet, in many countries around the world, journalism has become a deadly occupation and those who practise it o
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Using Journalism for Self-Protection: Profession-Specific and Journalistic Measures and Strategies for Countering Violence and Impunity in Mexico and Honduras
Journalism Studies, volume 24, issue 7 (2023), pp. 896-915
"In Mexico and Honduras, journalists face violence from state and non-state actors and almost complete impunity. Given a lack of effective state protection, some resort to alternative means of (self-)protection and justice-seeking. Via analysis of 67 interviews with journalists and protection actors
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Tackling Impunity: Lessons from the Public Inquiry Into the Assassination of Daphne Caruana Galizia
Article 19; Daphne Caruana Galizia Foundation (2022), 87 pp.
"This report analyses the model of a Public Inquiry - or a similarly independent process such as a parliamentary inquiry - that can run in parallel with a criminal investigation but has the broader remit of investigating the circumstances that led to murder, and the political climate within which it
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Director General's Report on the Safety of Journalists and the Danger of Impunity
Paris: International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) (2022), 102 pp.
"In 2020-2021, UNESCO recorded a total of 117 killings of journalists worldwide, a high number in absolute terms, but a 25% drop from the previous two-year period, when UNESCO recorded a total of 156 killings. This biennium recorded the lowest death toll compared to any other reporting period since
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Killing with Impunity: Vast Majority of Journalists’ Murderers Go Free. 2022 Global Impunity Index
New York: Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) (2022), 5 pp.
"The 2022 Global Impunity Index found that no one has been held to account for nearly 80% of 263 journalist murders over the past 10 years worldwide. CPJ seeks justice for these slain journalists, including full and timely investigations and the convictions of those who carry out and order the murde
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Media Environment 2022: Threats and Supportive Instruments in Georgia
Tbilisi: Media and Communication Educational and Research Center "Media Voice" (2022), 76 pp.
"The purpose of this study is to assess the threats and supporting mechanisms present in the Georgian media environment in 2022. Observation of the media environment, similar to the previous year’s research, was based on the evaluation of the participants involved in the research and further compa
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An Uphill Battle: From Impunity to Justice for Journalist Murders
Deep Insights
Free Press Unlimited (2022), 31 pp.
"For this report we analyzed hundreds of cases of journalists who were murdered in reprisal for their work. What stands out is their courage to report misdemeanor by those in power despite the clear and often well-known risks this entails for them. What stands out as well is the lack of capacity in
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The politics of impunity: A study of journalists’ experiential accounts of impunity in Bulgaria, Democratic Republic of Congo, India, Mexico and Pakistan
Journalism, volume 22, issue 2 (2021), pp. 303-319
"Definitions of impunity regarding crimes against journalists have thus far been too narrow. Therefore, we propose a new approach to understanding impunity as also being grounded in journalists’ lived reality and perceptions to better understand the complexity and breadth of impunity. It is based
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Online harassment of journalists as a consequence of populism, mis/disinformation, and impunity
In: The Routledge Companion to Media Disinformation and Populism
London; New York: Routledge (2021), pp. 178-187
"This chapter aims to examine additional factors associated with populism, disinformation and online harassment of journalists in an environment of impunity, though the relationship between digital communication and populism has been analysed since the late 1990s. It considers strategies that have b
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Murders, Physical Assaults & Online Harassment: Silencing Journalism in Somalia. Somalia Annual Press Freedom Report 2020-2021
Federation of Somali Journalists (FESOJ) (2021), 13 pp.
"Overall, the situation of press freedom in Somalia between May 2020 and May 2021 has continued to experience a sharp and unfortunate decline. In total, FESOJ recorded the murder of 2 journalists – as a resulted of targeted killing, 52 arrests, assault and injury to 9 reporters in the line of duty
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Globalizing the Battle Against Impunity
In: Regardless of Frontiers: Global Freedom of Expression in a Troubled World
New York: Colombia University Press (2021), pp. 227-252
"When press freedom groups began a campaign against impunity, they set out to gain justice in individual cases of journalists murdered for their work. Did a global norm evolve in the process? Among the rights guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 19, is notable for its ele
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Shared Responsibility: Safeguarding Press Freedom in Perilous Times. Lessons Learned and New Approaches to Media Safety
Deep Insights
Copenhagen: International Media Support (IMS) (2020), 91 pp.
"This report identifies five major challenges for developing national plans for safety of journalists and how stakeholders are tackling them. The points addressed concern gaining engagement around safety of journalists by state actors, uniting and focusing efforts of disparate stakeholders into a du
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"We Live in Perpetual Fear": Violations and Abuses of Freedom of Expression in Somalia
London: Amnesty International (2020), 50 pp.
"For the fifth year in a row, Somalia tops the Committee to Protect Journalists’ (CPJ) Global Impunity Index on countries where those who kill journalists escape prosecution. The Somali authorities rarely investigate cases of killings or attacks on journalists, media outlets and critics. At least
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Prospect for Change in the Gambia: Collaborative Support to Combat Impunity. Exploring Criminal Justice and Human Rights Mechanisms
International Media Support (IMS) (2020), 41 pp.
"This International Media Support report explores criminal justice and human rights mechanisms to protect journalists, media workers and human rights advocates in an effort to combat impunity in The Gambia. It is the culmination of an innovative approach to hold perpetrators of attacks, killings and
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Killing Journalists is Not Media Regulation: Private Rights, Collective Wrongs and the Impact of Impunity
Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, volume 29, issue 1 (2019), pp. 263-306
"This article maintains that current international law fails to recognize the specific risks associated with the journalistic profession, and that the fragmented, non-binding and unenforceable initiatives on journalists' rights adopted to date have proven ineffective. It argues that a dedicated inte
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Intensified Attacks, New Defences: Developments in the Fight to Protect Journalists and End Impunity
Paris: UNESCO (2019), 70 pp.
"The period between 2014 through the end of 2018 has seen 495 journalists killed, according to UNESCO data, which represents an 18% increase in the number of killings as compared to the preceding 5-year period (2009-2013). Based on the number of killings, the most dangerous regions for journalists a
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Safety of Journalists Covering Conflict & Sensitive Issues
Conflict & Communication Online, volume 18, issue 1 (2019), 103 pp.
Culture of impunity and safety of journalists: Is safe journalism a distant dream in Pakistan?
Journal of Russian Media and Journalism Studies, issue 1 (2019), pp. 51-66
"Pakistan’s journalists confront fatal safety risks in the line of their duty and are at the mercy of various types of pressure and extremist groups that threaten, kidnap and even murder them with almost total impunity. Despite the growing violence against journalists in Pakistan, there is a deart
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