"The study of journalistic role conceptions rests on the assumption that these conceptions shape the news stories that journalists create. However, limited empirical evidence exists to support this assumed linear relationship between role conception and role enactment. This exploratory study compare
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d role conceptions deduced from survey data of 56 journalists with a content analysis of those same journalists’ articles (N 270). The findings suggest that this assumed linear relationship between role conception and role enactment should be questioned rather than presumed." (Abstract)
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"Research into journalism and gender to date has found somewhat contradictory evidence as to the ways in which women and men practice journalism. Some scholars claim that women have inherently different concepts and practices of journalism and that this has led to a feminization of journalism, other
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s have found little evidence to suggest that men and women differ significantly in terms of their role conceptions. While numerous studies have been conducted into this issue around the world, few have taken a truly comparative approach. This article presents results from a large-scale comparative survey into gender differences in journalists’ professional views in 18 countries around the world. Results suggest that women and men do not differ in any meaningful ways in their role conceptions on either the individual level or in newsrooms dominated by women, or in sociocultural contexts where women have achieved a certain level of empowerment." (Abstract)
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"This volume seeks to impart a deeper understanding of the political nature of the Sudanese press. Through observation, research and analysis, it also conveys a multifaceted impression of Sudanese journalists’ working conditions. It tries to paint an authentic and differentiated picture of their s
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ituation, looking beyond stereotypes of the Sudanese press as “unfree” and hence not worthy of further research. By combining facts and figures with journalists’ personal anecdotes and opinions, I think this volume captures the complexity of the subject." (Introduction, page 5)
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"The Global Journalist in the 21st Century systematically assesses the demographics, education, socialization, professional attitudes and working conditions of journalists in various countries around the world. This book updates the original Global Journalist (1998) volume with new data, adding more
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than a dozen countries, and provides material on comparative research about journalists that will be useful to those interested in doing their own studies. The editors put together this collection working under the assumption that journalists' backgrounds, working conditions and ideas are related to what is reported (and how it is covered) in the various news media round the world, in spite of societal and organizational constraints, and that this news coverage matters in terms of world public opinion and policies. Outstanding features include:"Coverage of 33 nations located around the globe, based on recent surveys conducted among representative samples of local journalist, comprehensive analyses by well-known media scholars from each country, a section on comparative studies of journalists and an appendix with a collection of survey questions used in various nations to question journalists" (Publisher description)
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"[...] Explores the role played by local-nationals in covering the crisis for global audiences and how these journalists differed from the traditional, Western-born foreign correspondents who worked alongside them. The research draws on two methods: in-depth, semi-structured interviews with foreign
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correspondents in Khartoum, Sudan; and a content analysis of the news articles they produced. The results show that Sudanese journalists differed from Western foreign correspondents in a number of important ways. They worked in greater fear of the government of Sudan, and they had a different understanding of their role as journalists which, importantly, did not include a strong sense of their work as 'watchdog journalism'. The content analysis confirms that these differences matter; local stringers produced news that was significantly less critical in tone, presented fewer competing viewpoints, and privileged the government of Sudan's position." (Executive summary)
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"Drawing on the first broad cross-border survey of Arab journalists, first-person interviews with scores of reporters and editors, and his three decades' experience reporting from the Middle East, Lawrence Pintak examines how Arab journalists see themselves and their mission at this critical time in
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the evolution of the Arab media. He explores how, in a diverse Arab media landscape expressing myriad opinions, journalists are still under siege as governments fight a rear-guard action to manage the message. This innovative book breaks through the stereotypes about Arab journalists to reveal the fascinating and complex reality - and what it means for the rest of us." (Publisher description)
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"This article sets out to map the journalistic field as a space of struggle between distinct professional milieus. These milieus crystallize around journalists who share similar views on journalism’s function in society. By means of cluster analysis, four global professional milieus were extracted
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from the survey responses of 1800 journalists in 18 countries: the populist disseminator, detached watchdog, critical change agent and the opportunist facilitator. The detached watchdog milieu clearly dominates the journalistic field in most western countries, while the milieu of the opportunist facilitator reigns supreme in several developing, transitional and authoritarian contexts. In accordance with the theoretical propositions, relatively little professional autonomy was found in contexts with rather strong corporate and commercial influences. However, a more universal approach would need to go beyond corporate and commercial factors in order to account for the realities of the journalistic field in non-western countries." (Abstract)
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"A 'typical' Papua New Guinean journalist is more likely to be female (very marginally), single, under the age of 29, with about five years experience, a Tok Pisin [indigenous language] speaker but working on English-language media and to have a university diploma or degree in journalism from either
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the University of Papua New Guinea or Divine World University [...] The Papua New Guinea journalist probably entered the media to communicate knowledge to the community, expose abuses of power and corruption, and varied and exciting work (order of preference). He or she may be unsatisfied or uncertain with his or her career, but expects to stay in journalism in five years' time. The journalist may go into public relations, but is less likely to do so than in Fiji. He or she probably believes the professional role is to be the watchdog of democracy, an educator and defender of the truth (order of preference)." (Concluding comments, page 215)
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"Less than a decade after the advent of democracy in South Africa, tabloid newspapers have taken the country by storm. One of these papers—the Daily Sun—is now the largest in the country, but it has generated controversy for its perceived lack of respect for privacy, brazen sexual content, and u
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nrestrained truth-stretching. Herman Wasserman examines the success of tabloid journalism in South Africa at a time when global print media are in decline. He considers the social significance of the tabloids and how they play a role in integrating readers and their daily struggles with the political and social sphere of the new democracy. Wasserman shows how these papers have found an important niche in popular and civic culture largely ignored by the mainstream media and formal political channels." (Publisher description)
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"Leading researchers from different regions of Europe and the United States address five major interrelated themes: 1) how ideological and normative constructs gave way to empirical systematic comparative work in media research; 2) the role of foreign media groups in post-communist regions and the e
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ffects of ownership in terms of impacts on media freedom; 3) the various dimensions of the relationship between mass media and political systems in a comparative perspective; 4) professionalization of journalism in different political cultures—autonomy of journalists, professional norms and practices, political instrumentalization and the commercialization of the media; 5) the role of state intervention in media systems." (Publisher description)
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"Die Auslandskorrespondenten des bekanntesten arabischen Nachrichtensenders Al-Jazeera sind in ihrer Arbeit in Europa mit widerstreitenden Anforderungen konfrontiert. Sie müssen gleichermaßen den professionellen Standards der Nachrichtenproduktion wie den Repräsentanzansprüchen seitens der arabi
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schsprachigen Community vor Ort gerecht werden. Auch ihre Rolle als kulturelle Übersetzer ist nicht immer konfliktfrei, insbesondere wenn es gilt, Themen wie gleichgeschlechtliche Partnerschaften für ein arabisches Zielpublikum aufzubereiten. Die Autorin begleitet die Auslandskorrespondenten in Berlin und Paris bei ihrer Arbeit und untersucht aus ethnologischer Perspektive, welche ethischen Maßstäbe und professionellen Selbstbilder der journalistischen Praxis zugrunde liegen." (Klappentext)
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"Der vorliegende Aufsatz berichtet erste deskriptive Befunde aus einer multinationalen Studie zum Vergleich von Journalismuskulturen. Im Rahmen des Projekts wurden insgesamt 1700 Journalisten in 17 Ländern zu ihren professionellen Orientierungen befragt. Im Vordergrund standen Fragen nach dem Verst
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ändnis der eigenen gesellschaftlichen Rolle, den erkenntnistheoretischen Grundlagen und ethischen Imperativen im Journalismus. Im Ländervergleich zeigt sich dabei, dass jene Rollenmodelle, die durch Distanz und Nichtinvolviertheit gekennzeichnet sind, durchaus zu den weltweit akzeptierten journalistischen Standards zählen. Darüber hinaus ist den Journalisten global relativ übereinstimmend die Verlässlichkeit und Faktizität von Informationen sowie das strikte Einhalten von Unparteilichkeit bzw. Neutralität sehr wichtig. Umstritten sind hingegen interventionistische Aspekte der Berufsausübung, wobei sich die größten Differenzen zwischen den entwickelten Staaten des Westens und Transformationsgesellschaften zeigen. Große Länderunterschiede lassen sich auch bezüglich der Rolle von Subjektivität sowie der Vermischung von Fakten und Meinung feststellen." (Abstract)
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"An international collection of papers focused on media, culture and society in postcommunist Russia. Contributors deploy a wealth of primary data in examining the kinds of issues that are central to our understanding of the kind of system that has been established in the world's largest country aft
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er a period of far-reaching change." (Publisher description)
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"Journalistenmorde und Maulkorb für die Medien: Nachrichten über die russische Presse handeln meist von äußeren Angriffen auf ihre Freiheit. Doch wie die ticken die Journalisten selbst? Wie verstehen sie ihre gesellschaftliche Aufgabe? Fast im gesamten Verlauf seiner Geschichte wurde der russisc
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he Journalismus von den Mächtigen instrumentalisiert und von der Zensur überwacht. Journalisten hatten immer eine Mission. Meinungsjournalismus statt reiner Informationen war die Folge - eine Tradition, die von der Intelligenzija im 19. Jahrhundert stammt. Auffällig ist die Kontinuität zwischen Zarenreich, Sowjetunion und Russischer Föderation. Westliche Einflüsse seit Mitte der 1980er-Jahre haben traditionelle Muster nicht verdrängt. Selbst unter Moskauer Hauptstadt-Journalisten existieren bis heute westlich liberale Einstellungen parallel zu traditionell russischen, wie Leitfadeninterviews zeigen. Ein Teil der Medien bezieht auch heute im Sinne des Intelligenzija-Modells offen Stellung, statt nach dem westlichen Modell möglichst neutral Informationen zu vermitteln. Die Staatsmacht, die ihrerseits die neuen demokratischen Spielregeln noch nicht verinnerlicht hat, nimmt sie dadurch als politischen Gegner wahr und bemüht sich, den Mediensektor unter Kontrolle zu bringen. Verantwortlich für die Einschränkung der Pressefreiheit in Russland ist damit das fehlende demokratische Rollenverständnis beider Seiten." (Verlagsbeschreibung)
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