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Mapping the Nexus Between Media Reporting of Violence Against Girls: The Normalization of Violence, and the Perpetuation of Harmful Gender Norms and Stereotypes

Lorena Fuentes, Abha Shri Saxena, Jennifer Bitterly

UNICEF; UN Women (2022), 66 pp.

"It finds broad consensus across the literature that mainstream news media outlets tend to make use of harmful tropes and stereotypes when reporting on cases of gender-based violence, and that this contributes to the normalization of violence and perpetuation of discriminatory gender norms and stere ... otypes. The key modalities considered in the scholarly literature relate to the visual and textual features of news stories, and the sourcing practices used by journalists. Studies highlight a tendency for mainstream news reporting to mirror and reinforce the dynamics that contribute to gender-based violence in the first place, such as victim blaming, decentring the responsibility of perpetrators, and deploying stigmatizing or sensationalizing language that draws upon harmful gender norms and stereotypes about women’s and girls’ ‘appropriate roles’. Overall, the effect of these reporting modalities is to direct the public’s attention towards the behaviour and actions of victims and to suggest that the transgression is in the violation of a gender norm, rather than in the exercise of violence. Evidence from the scholarly literature also highlights that incidents of gender-based violence are largely reported as episodic events or independent incidents of crime, that such reports deploy language that blames the victim by suggesting that she violated established or expected gender norms and rules, and that the level of sensationalism or ‘shock value’ in the case determines its ‘newsworthiness’. Evidence also suggests that reporters still largely neglect to include inputs from gender-based violence, women’s rights or child protection experts. Subsequent sections dig deeper into the evidence of the nexus between news media reporting of violence against girls and the normalization of that violence. This involves analysing some of the more common tropes and stereotypes that circulate in relation to victims and perpetrators, and providing illustrative examples of how these shape interpretations of gender-based violence and its victims. These tropes and stereotypes are also shaped by vectors of intersectional discrimination across regional contexts, and evidence highlights that media reports play a crucial role in reinforcing hierarchies by differentiating between ‘types’ of victims (where some victims matter, or matter more than others). Significantly, from the age analysis perspective, evidence from media reports also indicates that there is often an ‘expiration date’ after which girl victims may not ‘count’ as children. Specifically, sexualization in news media coverage of cases of gender-based violence can function as a mechanism to portray adolescent girls as adult women, and thus to obscure not only the gender dimension but also age-based rights violations at play. Notably, while this review identifies a burgeoning literature analysing the dynamics of media reporting on gender-based violence against women and how these relate to the perpetuation of discriminatory gender norms and stereotypes, there is a concerning gap in similar scholarly literature analysing these dynamics in relation to girls. Specifically, while there is a rich body of literature that includes gender and intersectional analyses of media reporting of gender-based violence, research that centres the age-related lens and analysis alongside the gender lens is relatively thin or nascent. The final section spotlights the range of existing frameworks and guidelines for promoting more gender- and age-sensitive as well as victim-/survivor-centred reporting. It notes that, while there is a relatively clear path forward in terms of what needs to be done to drive positive change, a pressing gap remains in how to incentivize and ensure uptake and implementation of these frameworks and strategies for more responsible reporting of GBV within and across media organizations and among media practitioners. This section leverages insights from stakeholders, as well as the literature, to flag additional ‘enablers’ that may be key to unlocking the potential within these existing frameworks. These include dynamics that may have more or less impact at scale, including the values and commitments of individual journalists, networks of feminist journalists and gender editors, the presence of strong feminist and women’s movements that mobilize civil society in response to cases of violence and push for greater accountability from the state and media organizations, and advocacy and engagement with local news organizations and media practitioners by international organizations. Reflecting on the evidence, the review concludes by suggesting that achieving the kinds of changes needed to enable more gender- and age-sensitive reporting will require a combination of formal and informal mechanisms, strategies, and long-term efforts and investments. These need to acknowledge that, even though gender norms and stereotypes are ‘sticky’ and take time to change, the vast sphere of influence of news reporting, and of the media more broadly, means that it presents a tremendous opportunity and entry point for catalysing positive changes in how gender-based violence against girls is represented, and thus how we as a society interpret and respond to it." (Overview, pages 7-8) more

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E-Participation in Africa: Literature Review

Grace Mutung’u

Bonn; Addis Ababa: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ); DataCipation Project (2022), 28 pp.

"E-participation is the use of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) or digital technologies to involve citizens in public decision-making with the goal of empowering citizens and for the benefit of society as a whole. It is part of e-governance, a term that refers to the use of ICTs in ... more

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Schlüsselwerke der sozialwissenschaftlichen Klimaforschung

Youssef Ibrahim, Simone Rödder (eds.)

Bielefeld: transcript Verlag (2022), 461 pp.

"Die Beiträge sind im Format der Rezension geschrieben und erlauben so, auch ohne Vorkenntnis, einen unmittelbaren Einstieg in einen Diskussionszusammenhang. Neben der Skizze des Argumentationsgangs stellen die Beiträge das Werk in seinen Forschungskontext und würdigen es kritisch und mit Blick a ... more

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Digital Media for Behavior Change: Review of an Emerging Field of Study

William Douglas Evans, Lorien C. Abroms, David Broniatowski, Melissa A. Napolitano, Jeanie Arnold

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, volume 19, issue 9129 (2022), 14 pp.

"The purpose of the current paper is to provide an overview and describe methods in this emerging field, present use cases, describe a future agenda, and raise central questions to be addressed in future digital health research for behavior change. Digital media for behavior change employs three mai ... more

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Affordances of Digital Platforms in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Analytical Review

Olawande Daramola, Ernest Etim

Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC), issue 88: e12213 (2022), 21 pp.

"This paper presents an analytical review of the technological affordances of digital platforms in SSA. We adopted a systematic literature review methodology that entailed gathering evidence from relevant literature and digital platforms in three countries in SSA (South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya). ... more

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Communication in Neglected Tropical Diseases’ Elimination: A Scoping Review and Call for Action

Claudia Nieto-Sanchez, David M. Hatley, Mario J. Grijalva, Koen Peeters Grietens, Benjamin R. Bates

Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases, volume 16, issue 10: e0009774 (2022), 22 pp.

"To understand how communication action is conceived and practiced, we conducted a scoping review with a focus on two diseases currently targeted for elimination: lymphatic filariasis (LF) and Chagas disease (CD). We examined 43 studies published between 2012 and 2020 to identify communication pract ... more

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Mapping the nexus between media reporting of violence against girls: The normalization of violence, and the perpetuation of harmful gender norms and stereotypes. Evidence review

Lorena Fuentes, Abha Shri Saxena, Jennifer Bitterly

UNICEF; UN Women (2022), 66 pp.

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Research Note: Fighting Misinformation or Fighting for Information?

Alberto Acerbi, Sacha Altay, Hugo Mercier

Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, volume 3, issue 1 (2022), pp. 1-15

"A wealth of interventions have been devised to reduce belief in fake news or the tendency to share such news. By contrast, interventions aimed at increasing trust in reliable news sources have received less attention. In this article, we show that, given the very limited prevalence of misinformatio ... more

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Comprehending Media Systems for Media Development

Johanna Mack

Dortmund: Forum Medien und Entwicklung (fome); MEDAS21 (2022), 29 pp.

"Media development assistance and media systems research are intricately connected: by describing, assessing, and attempting to change them, media development actors produce knowledge about media systems and directly impact them. This research review explores the intersections of academic media syst ... more

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Key External Resources on Narrative Peacebuilding

Barcelona: Institute for Integrated Transitions (IFIT) (2022), 3 pp.

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Social Media–Based Interventions for Health Behavior Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Systematic Review

Jessie Seiler, Tanya E. Libby, Emahlea Jackson, JR Lingappa, WD Evans

Journal of Medical Internet Research, volume 24, issue 4 e31889 (2022), 14 pp.

"The aim of this review is to identify and describe the available literature on effective social media–based behavior change interventions within low- and middle-income countries [...] Results: We identified 1832 studies, of which 108 (5.89%) passed title-abstract review and were evaluated by full ... more

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A systematic literature review and existing challenges toward fake news detection models

Minal Nirav Shah, Amit Ganatra

Social Network Analysis and Mining, volume 12, issue 168 (2022), 21 pp.

"This paper aims to conduct a review on fake news detection models that is contributed by a variety of machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The fundamental and well-performing approaches that existed in the past years are reviewed and categorized and described in different datasets. Furthe ... more

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A Systematic Literature Review on Fake News in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Can AI Propose a Solution?

Tanvir Ahmad, Eyner Arturo Aliaga Lazarte, Seyedali Mirjalili

Applied Sciences (MDPI), volume 12, issue 12727 (2022), 19 pp.

"This paper aims to unpack a structured overview of previous research topics and findings and identify gaps. Our goal in this systematic review is to (a) synthesize the selected earlier studies, (b) offer researchers a structural framework for future COVID-19 and fake news research, and (c) recommen ... more

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Mediennutzung in der Corona-Pandemie

Uli Gleich

Media Perspektiven, issue 2 (2022), pp. 81-88

"Während der Corona-Pandemie und der damit verbundenen Einschränkungen des öffentlichen Lebens hat sich der Medienkonsum in allen Bereichen signifikant erhöht. Um auf dem Laufenden und mit anderen in Kontakt zu bleiben, aber auch um sich zu unterhalten und abzulenken, nutzten (und nutzen) die Me ... nschen sowohl die traditionellen Angebote als auch die digitalen Medien- und Kommunikationstechnologien in stärkerem Ausmaß. Medienangebote haben während der Pandemie neben der Informations- auch psychosoziale Funktionen. Die stärker ausgeprägte Nutzung von Medien, die interpersonale Kommunikation und hohe soziale Präsenz ermöglichen (z.B. Video-Calls, Instant-Messenger), ist ein Indikator für das starke soziale Bedürfnis während der Pandemie, das durch den Gebrauch entsprechender Technologien befriedigt werden soll. Neben nützlichen Funktionen können dabei auch eher problematische Folgen der Mediennutzung beobachtet werden. Das Internet wirkt sich beispielsweise in der Krisenzeit positiv als Kommunikationsweg aus, um mit anderen in Kontakt zu bleiben und Informationen zu erhalten. Gleichzeitig berichten die Nutzer aber auch von Überforderung und Erschöpfung sowie negativen emotionalen Auswirkungen durch die Berichterstattung. Mit andauernder Krise zeigen sich zudem Anzeichen dafür, dass weniger Informationen gesucht werden und es bei vielen Menschen zur Informationsüberlastung hinsichtlich des Themas Corona-Pandemie gekommen ist. Wenn subjektiv eine kritische Masse an COVID-19-Informationen erreicht ist, können auch negative Effekte, wie zum Beispiel depressive Symptome, entstehen. Um die psychosozialen Belastungen abzufedern und das Wohlbefinden zu steigern, nutzen die Konsumenten spezifische inhaltliche Medienangebote. So dient zum Beispiel die Rezeption nostalgischer Medieninhalte neben der Unterhaltung auch der Bewältigung von Isolationsbefürchtungen. Als weitere hilfreiche Strategie, um das Bedürfnis nach Zugehörigkeit und sozialen Kontakten zu befriedigen, kann auch die Intensivierung parasozialer Beziehungen mit medialen Charakteren (Prominenten, Personas u.ä.) dienen. Spezifische Medienangebote können somit auch die Funktion haben, einen Ausgleich zur belastenden Situation in der Krise zu bieten." (https://www.ard-media.de/media-perspektiven) more

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How We Know Journalism is Good for Democracy

Josh Stearns, Christine Schmidt

Democracy Fund (2022)

"Since 2018, we’ve been tracking academic studies that show in stark terms the impact journalism has on our democracy. This research review has become a critical guide for funders, policymakers, communities, and journalists who care about creating a healthier democracy. In 2022, we overhauled this ... more

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Status of Development Communication Research: An Examination of the Recent Trends in the Philippines

Marife R. De Torres, Emely M. Amoloza, Pamela A. Custodio, Anna Roffel O. Lozada, Marielle J. Pasuquin, Crina E. Tañongon

Journal of Development Communication, volume 32, issue 2 (2021), pp. 59-72

"This study is a response to the challenge of Development Communication (DevCom) scholar Felix Librero to analyse the status and trends in UP Los Baños DevCom research that may help in reinvigorating the research thrust of the college attuned to the needs of time. As a rejoinder to previous efforts ... more

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Making Cititzen-Centred Accountability Last: Time, Money, Partners, Motivation. Research Report

Andrew McDevitt, Dieter Zinnbauer

Integrity Action (2021), 41 pp.

"Citizen monitoring, social audits, mobile-based feedback systems, procurement monitoring: These are just a few examples of so-called citizen-centred accountability (CCA) mechanisms which governments and civil society organisations have developed to encourage citizens to feedback on the services the ... more

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Promoting Media Literacy Among Older People: A Systematic Review

Päivi Rasi, Hanna Vuojärvi, Susanna Rivinen

Adult Education Quarterly, volume 71, issue 1 (2021), pp. 37-54

"The aim of this study was to advance understanding of how to foster media literacy among older people. A systematic review was conducted of 40 empirical studies published between January 2005 and April 2019. The literature review provided information and practical implications for researchers, desi ... more

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Theorizing Social Media and Activism: Where is Community Development?

Angus McCabe, Kevin Harris

Community Development Journal, volume 56, issue 2 (2021), pp. 318-337

"There is a growing public and academic debate on the societal impacts of the internet and, in particular, social media. For its proponents, social media is a force for change, which can challenge entrenched hierarchies, redistribute power, democratize information, support mass mobilization and cont ... more

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DRG Learning, Evaluation, and Research (DRG-LER) Activity Mali Counter-Trafficking in Persons (C-TIP) Research: Summary of Literature Review Findings

Mousumi Sarkar

Washington, DC: USAID (2021), 54 pp.