"This article offers a scholarly review of the literature and research on journalism education and fake news from an international and a local (Croatian) perspective. The purpose of this paper is to examine the connection between the education for journalists as a scholarly and academic discipline (
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as well as a teaching practice) and the issues caused by fake news in the digital age of mass media. Based on a comprehensive critical conceptual analysis of the body of knowledge available on the subject, it was determined that there is a diverse discussion about the status of journalism education regarding fake news. In that context, fake news has so far been internationally researched from several angles – curriculum content, journalism students, journalism and media studies, journalism practice, media audience, etc. When addressing the issue of education of journalists and fake news, three streams can be singled out. The first and most voluminous one refers to the systematic formal or additional education regarding media and information literacy. The next one refers to various changes related to the higher education system for the education of journalists, but without any concrete propositions for system reconstruction or upgrading. The last one advocates providing additional professional education to employed journalists. From the local perspective, even though only two articles suggest journalism education as a solution for the problems caused by fake news, based on thorough research it can be concluded that fake news and journalism education are not yet topics of interest among communication scholars in Croatia." (Abstract)
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"In this systematic literature review, a study of the factors involved in the spreading of fake news, have been provided. In this review, the root causes of the spreading of fake news are identified to reduce the encouraging of such false information. To combat the spreading of fake news on social m
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edia, the reasons behind the spreading of fake news must first be identified. Therefore, this literature review takes an early initiative to identify the possible reasons behind the spreading of fake news. The purpose of this literature review is to identify why individuals tend to share false information and to possibly help in detecting fake news before it spreads." (Abstract)
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"The pack provides easy access to various types of resources (tools, reports, toolkits, journal articles, etc.) that can support the development of tactics and plans to counter misinformation. The pack also provides a summary of what the research indicates as potential solutions to tackle misinforma
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tion." (About tis resource pack)
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"El objetivo de este libro colectivo es ofrecer una perspectiva panorámica acerca de la investigación profesional sobre los estudios cinematográficos que se está produciendo en siete países de América Latina: Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Chile, México y Perú. En cada uno de los cap
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tulos de este volumen se ofrece un puntual registro de la producción bibliográfica nacional y la ponderación de estos materiales desde una perspectiva especializada. En las primeras dos décadas del nuevo siglo se observa un crecimiento exponencial de los estudios sobre cine en la región latinoamericana. Es de esperarse que esta tendencia se mantenga y que propicie un diálogo internacional para la creación de redes de cooperación académica, videotecas compartidas y publicaciones conjuntas. La investigación sobre cine producida en América Latina se encuentra en un momento de crecimiento y efervescencia, y este impulso podrá llevar a la producción de modelos teóricos de alcance universal. Esperamos que la presentación de estos materiales contribuya a la consolidación y el crecimiento de este terreno emergente de la investigación interdisciplinaria." (Resumen)
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"Open-source intelligence gathering and analysis (OSINT) techniques are no longer predominantly the remit of private investigators and journalists. An estimated 80-90% of data analysed by intelligence agencies is also now derived from publicly available material. Additionally, the massive expansion
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of the internet and, in particular, social media platforms, have made OSINT increasingly accessible to civilians who simply want to trawl the Web for information on a specific individual, organisation or product. In May 2018, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was implemented in the UK through the new Data Protection Act, intended to secure personal data against unjustified collection, storage and exploitation. This document presents a preliminary literature review of work related to the GDPR and OSINT, which was collated as the basis for an as-yet-unpublished study evaluating the effects of the GDPR on OSINT capabilities in the UK. The literature reviewed is separated into the following six sections:‘What is OSINT?’,‘What are the risks and benefits of OSINT?’,‘What is the rationale for data protection legislation?’,‘What are the current legislative frameworks in the UK and Europe?’,‘What is the potential impact of the GDPR on OSINT?’, and ‘Have the views of civilian and commercial stakeholders been sought and why is this important?’. As OSINT tools and techniques are accessible to anyone, they have the unique capacity for being used to hold power to account. It is therefore important that new data protection legislation does not impede civilian OSINT capabilities." (Abstract)
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"Professor Pascual-Ferrá provides a real service to researchers by assembling not only the story of research into trust but also the key scales with which people examined trust. Taking even a brief look at the tables accompanying this study of trust, one easily sees how unsettled this research area
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remains. Trust as a concept appears in every area of communication research—media studies, interpersonal studies, group communication studies, organizational communication studies, strategic communication studies, new media studies, and so on. Surprisingly, only a few researchers seem to build on existing scales of trust." (Editor's Introduction, page 3)
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"Concerns surrounding the threats that digital platforms pose to the functioning of Western liberal democracies have grown since the 2016 U.S. election. Yet despite a preponderance of academic work in this area, the precise nature of these threats, empirical solutions for their redress, and their re
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lationship to the wider digital political economy remain undertheorized. This article addresses these gaps with a semisystematic literature review that identifies and defines four prominent threats—fake news, filter bubbles/echo chambers, online hate speech, and surveillance—and constructs a typology of “workable solutions” for combating these threats that highlights the tendency to silo technical, regulatory, or culturally embedded approaches." (Abstract)
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"The literature on African youth narratives about Africa is sparse. Only one report in the literature review focussed on youth narratives, and it indicated that youth did not value their own stories, but relied on western tropes in storytelling. We came across nine recent reports based on attitudina
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l surveys (six of which were done by the British Council) but they did not explore youth narratives, and also mainly interviewed youth in higher education, even though the bulk of African youth are not in higher education. Nevertheless, we found 23 journal articles, book chapters and theses on African youth identity, which will be explored in more depth in this report." (Executive summary)
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"Focusing predominantly on efforts countering Salafi-Jihadi extremism, this book examines how feasible it is to prevent or counter radicalization and violent extremism with countermessaging efforts. It investigates important principles to consider when devising such a program. The authors provide bo
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th a comprehensive theoretical overview and a review of the available literature, as well as policy recommendations for governments and the role they can play in counter-narrative efforts." (Back cover)
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"In 2018 the fictional country Wakanda from the film Black Panther was the fourth most mentioned African country on Twitter, after Egypt, South Africa and Kenya. The fact that Africa’s 4th most talked about country doesn’t exist tells us two things: pop culture is a powerful tool for narrative w
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ork and we need to do more to make Africa’s 51 remaining real countries more compelling. This data point was unearthed during a literature review to understand what insights already exist about narrative in Africa in the media. The review was part of our mission to unpack narrative and give some real substance to that well used phrase “we need to change the African narrative!’ We analysed 56 documents of literature (post 2000) including research reports, books, chapters, and academic journal articles [...] So, what did we find? A few surprising facts like the one about Wakanda, but admittedly nothing we didn’t already suspect. Things you need to know Western narratives about Africa in the media are around two narrative strands, i.e. Afro-pessimistic and Afro-optimistic. The main themes we found were: Poverty is rife, how this narrative has shifted the most however, is with a rise in business reporting; African leaders are depicted as poor leaders, who exercise weak governance, leading to failing or failed states; Incomprehensible violence is prevalent; Africa is rife with diseases, especially HIV/AIDS and Ebola; Africa is mostly a place of wildlife and nature, but this is being rapidly eroded by urbanisation and poaching ..." (Executive summary)
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"This document was initially directed at ways for how to turn fieldwork that was initially planned as using face-to-face methods into a more ‘hands-off’ mode. However, people have added useful material about ‘born digital’ research (content already generated on the internet by online interac
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tions), which provides an alternative source of social research materials if researchers decide to go down that path." (Page 1)
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"This review seeks to inform United States Agency for International Development (USAID) evaluation of countering violent extremism (CVE) programming in Asia and globally by exploring two research questions: 1. Under current conditions, is it possible to develop a model or methodology to test the rel
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ationship between CVE programming and extremist violence? 2. What high-level outcomes other than violence reduction might be linked to CVE programming? What approaches could be used to measure such outcomes? USAID defines violent extremism (VE) as “…advocating, engaging in, preparing, or otherwise supporting ideologically motivated or justified violence to further social, economic, and political objectives.” In practice, the threat posed by religiously motivated violent extremist groups has drawn primary concern. Violent religious extremism can and often does function in combination with aggrieved ethnic identity groups pursuing communal advantages. VE’s defining elements include a desire to reorder society in line with a given ideology and the interests of the group proclaiming the ideology, pursuit of sociopolitical and economic objectives, and a willingness and capacity to use violence as a tactic to pursue these objectives. How individual and community incentives and risk factors, structural conditions, enabling factors, and external triggers interact to produce extremist beliefs, support for VE actors and actions, recruitment into a violent extremist organization (VEO), or violence itself is not fully understood. Correspondingly, CVE programs occur in diverse settings and encompass a variety of interventions and intermediate outcomes. The amount of USAID financial investment in CVE programming in a given country is often small relative to the scale and complexity of the VE problem and its drivers, limiting the change to which a program can aspire and for which it might reasonably be held accountable." (Executive summary)
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"Research into foundation-funded journalism is relatively scarce and disconnected. There is, for example, no single edited volume on this topic. This matters because while philanthropists and foundations often want to support journalism, it is not always clear how they should do this. Similarly, jou
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rnalists are often unsure about common practices in this area. For those interested in carrying out further research in this area, this matters because it is useful to know what methods have been used to study this topic in the past and how their findings compare to others." (Page 1)
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"This is the fourth in a series of annual reviews of select new literature in English that has appeared on the topic of publishing and the book sector in sub-Saharan Africa [...] Extensively annotated and/or with abstracts, the present list brings together new literature published during the course
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of 2018, a total of 141 records. Also included are a small number of articles and other documents published in 2017 or earlier, which have not hitherto been included in previous annual literature reviews, or in the Publishing, Books & Reading in SubSaharan Africa online database. The literature review covers books, chapters in books and edited collections, journal articles, Internet documents and reports, theses and dissertations, interviews, audio/video recordings and podcasts, as well as a number of blog postings, with their posting dates indicated." (Page 1)
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"The number of manuscripts (peer-reviewed articles and grey literature) related to the use of C4D approaches to address VAC has steadily increased each year since 2000. Of the 302 manuscripts that were coded, 44 per cent discuss an intervention implemented in a developing country, which speaks to th
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e geographic robustness of this review. A greater proportion of manuscripts discuss interventions in urban contexts as compared to rural contexts. Roughly half of the interventions reviewed do not explicitly reference a conceptual model to underpin the interventions. Those that do, typically cite individual or cognitive conceptual models and a majority (over 80 per cent) focus on the individual level of change. About 11 per cent use community approaches and slightly less than 10 per cent report using an ecological approach. While cognitive and individual-based behaviour change approaches are valid and useful in certain contexts, there is a growing realization that individuals are embedded within a larger social system. Effective interventions must keep in mind the interactions between levels in order to effectuate sustainable change. The social ecological model provides a framework to address the interactions between levels. Interventions that cut across the levels of the social ecological model should work towards addressing social, emotional, and behavioural skills (for example, self-efficacy) of individuals and groups, as well as norms, instead of only addressing individual knowledge and attitudes. Manuscripts reviewed did not necessarily explicitly state the use of C4D approaches. However, upon closer examination, it became apparent that the majority of responses to VAC were inherently communicative. Programmes addressing VAC often use C4D approaches to reduce harmful practices using a ‘harm reduction’ framework. Often in these cases, programme objectives focus on the negative, whereas C4D messages for the same intervention focus on positive changes. Overall programme objectives should be linked to communication objectives, which in turn yield C4D messages." (Executive summary, page 9)
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"This rapid literature review will focus on the influence of government communication on the government-media relationship. It does not encompass other avenues through which government is able to affect the media environment such as legislation, public policy and political culture. The role of the p
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ublic media is briefly considered. This rapid literature review was able to find only one study, which examined the role of the government communication on media as part of a broader inquiry on the influence of government communication and public trust in the government of the United States (US) (Liu, Horsley, & Yang, 2012). Liu et al. (2012) found that there was a positive relationship between media interaction and good coverage of the US government. This finding suggests that governments may have an incentive to foster good relations with the media. The other main findings of the review are summarised below: Governments require a positive relationship with the media in order to communicate with the public and build legitimacy for their decisions (OECD, 2016); Media often rely on official government information, especially during war and conflict, and therefore need friendly relations with government to gain access to information (Yuksel, 2013); The engagement between elites, the media and the public is complex and is unlikely to be controlled or dominated by any particular set of actors (Yuksel, 2013); In some countries that were transitioning to democracy, development assistance for media has helped to foster media which is critical of the government, resulting in a tense relationship between media and government (Rub, 1996)" (Summary, page 2)
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