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Online Caste-Hate Speech: Pervasive Discrimination and Humiliation on Social Media

Damni Kain, Shivangi Narayan, Torsha Sarkar, Gurshabad Grover

Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) (2021), 32 pp.

"In India, religious texts, social customs, rituals, and everyday cultural practices legitimise the use of hate speech against marginalised caste groups. Notions of "purity" of “upper-caste” groups, and conversely of "pollution" of “lower-caste” groups, have made the latter subject to discri ... mination, violence and dehumanisation. These dynamics invariably manifest online, with social media platforms becoming sites of caste discrimination and humiliation. This report explores two research questions. First, what are the specific contours of caste-hate speech and abuse online? Semi-structured interviews with 12 scholars and activists belonging to Dalit, Bahujan and Adivasi (DBA) groups show that marginalised groups regularly face hate and harassment based on their caste. In addition to the overt hate, DBA individuals and groups are often targeted with abuse for availing reservations – a constitutionally mandated right. More covert forms of hate and abuse are also prevalent: trolls mix caste names and words from different languages together so that their comments appear meaningless to individuals who are not keenly aware of the local context. Such hateful expression often emerges as a reaction from “upper-caste” groups to DBA resistance and social justice movements. Our respondents reported that the hateful expression can sometimes silence caste-marginalised groups and individuals, exclude them from conversations, and adversely impact their physical and mental well-being. The second question we explore is how popular social media platforms and online spaces moderate caste-hate speech and abuse. We analysed the community guidelines, policies and transparency reports of Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Clubhouse. We find that Facebook, Twitter and YouTube incorporated "caste" as a protected characteristic in their hate speech and harassment policies only in the last two or three years – many years after they entered Indian and South Asian markets – showing a disregard for the regional contexts of their users. Even after these policy changes, many platforms – whose forms for reporting harmful content list gender and race – still do not list caste. Social media companies should radically increase their investment and capacity in understanding regional contexts and languages; they must focus on the dynamics of casteist hate and abuse. They will need to collaborate with a diverse set of DBA activists to ensure that their community guidelines effectively tackle overt, covert and hyper -local forms of caste-hate speech and abuse, and that their implementation and reporting processes match these policy commitments." (Eexecutive summary) more

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Informe sobre la discriminación en medios de comunicación en el Perú, con especial énfasis en la discriminación étnico-racial

Lima: Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos, Comisión Nacional Contra la Discriminación (CONACOD) (2019), 36 pp.

"El presente informe aborda la problemática de los contenidos discriminatorios difundidos a través de los medios de comunicación en el Perú, con especial énfasis en la discriminación étnico-racial a través de los programas de radio y televisión, así como de medios escritos, a la luz de los ... more

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Discriminación étnico-racial en medios de comunicación: Diagnóstico situacional

Marisol Castañeda Menacho, Silvia Lorena Chávarri De Los Ríos et al.

Lima: Ministerio de Cultura (2017), 134 pp.

"De acuerdo con los estudios de análisis de medios reseñados, se confirma con claridad que las poblaciones que sufren más discriminación de manera sistemática en los medios son las comunidades indígenas y afroperuanas. Por un lado, la población indígena es comúnmente representada en asociac ... more

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Bases para el Desarrollo Regulatorio de la Comunicación Indígena en México

Erick Huerta Velazquez

México, DF: Redes por la Diversidad, Equidad y Sustentabilidad (2015), 10 pp.

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Media and the Vulnerable in Indonesia: Accounts from the Margins

Yanuar Nugroho, Leonardus K. Nugraha, Shita Laksmi, Mirta Amalia, Dinita Andriani Putri, Dwitri Amalia

Jakarta: Centre for Innovation Policy and Governance (CIPG);Hivos (2013), 135 pp.

"Aims to map the implication of the political economy dynamics of the media on citizens’ right to media from the perspective of citizens, in particular those who are vulnerable and weak(ened). Due to the effect of the contemporary political economy of media in Indonesia, the premise of equal citiz ... more

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Shielding Marginalized Groups from Verbal Assaults Without Abusing Hate Speech Laws

Yared Legesse Mengistu

In: The Content and Context of Hate Speech: Rethinking Regulation and Responses

Michael Herz; Peter Molnar (eds.)

Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press (2012), pp. 352-277

"There is immense difficulty in regulating hate speech on the ground of ethnicity when ethnicity is a prime cehicle for political organization and mobilization. On the one hand, substantive (real) equality demands that certain marginalized ethnic gropus be shielded from hate speech in order to have ... more

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A Survey and Critical Analysis of Council of Europe Strategies for Countering "Hate Speech"

Tarlach McGonagle

In: The Content and Context of Hate Speech: Rethinking Regulation and Responses

Michael Herz; Péter Molnár (eds.)

Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press (2012), pp. 456-498

"To summarize a very expansive set of standards and concomitant strategies, it can be said that the three main prongs to the Council of Europe's approach to countering "hate speech" are: (1) the prevention / prohibition / punishment of certain types of expression (e.g., incitement to hatred, racist ... more

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Minority Rights, Freedom of Expression and of the Media: Dynamics and Dilemmas
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Tarlach McGonagle

Cambridge, UK; Portland: Intersentia (2011), xvi, 668 pp.

"This book offers a rigorous, theory-based, and uniquely comprehensive, analysis of European and international legal standards shaping minorities’ right to freedom of expression. The analysis pays particular attention to the instrumental role played by traditional and new forms of media in ensurin ... more

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Medien und Integration in Nordamerika: Erfahrungen aus den Einwanderungsländern Kanada und USA

Rainer Geißler, Horst Pöttker

Bielefeld: transcript (2010), 275 pp.

"Der Band versammelt Studien zur Rolle der Medien bei der Integration von Minderheiten in den klassischen Einwanderungsländern USA und Kanada und vergleicht die Situation in Nordamerika mit ihrem Schwerpunkt auf Diversity (Vielfalt) mit der Situation in den neuen Einwanderungsländern Europas, wobe ... more

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Media and Minorities in South East Europe

Thomas Bauer, Oliver Vujovic (eds.)

Vienna: South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) (2006), 774 pp.

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Minority-Language Related Broadcasting and Legislation in the OSCE

Tarlach McGonagle, Bethany Davis Noll, Monroe Price (eds.)

Oxford; Amsterdam: Programme in Comparative Media Law and Policy (PCMLP), Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, Oxford University;Institute for Information Law (IViR), Universiteit van Amsterdam (2003), 55 pp.

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Media Policy for Ethnic and National Minorities in Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia

Beata Klimkiewicz

In: International Policy Fellowship Program (CPS) 2002-2003

Central European University, Center for Policy Studies;Open Society Institute (2003), pp. 155-184

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Reinventing Media: Media Policy Reform in East-Central Europe

Miklós Sükösd, Péter Bajomi-Lázár (eds.)

Budapest: Central European University Press (2003), 273 pp.

Minority Rights, Freedom of Expression and of the Media: Dynamics and Dilemmas Top Insights

Minority Rights, Freedom of Expression and of the Media: Dynamics and Dilemmas
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