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74
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Key Guidance
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Top Insights
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13
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Language
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Journals
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The Return of Digital Authoritarianism: Internet Shutdowns in 2021
Top Insights
Access Now; KeepItOn (2022), 32 pp.
"With a gradual return to normalcy following the outbreak of the global COVID-19 pandemic, we saw a dramatic resurgence of internet shutdowns in 2021. During this year, Access Now and the #KeepItOn coalition documented at least 182 internet shutdown incidents around the world in 34 countries, as com
...
A Taxonomy of Internet Shutdowns: The Technologies Behind Network Interference
Key Guidance
Access Now (2022), 45 pp.
"In this paper, we outline each of the various technical mechanisms for implementing a shutdown, and the options for mitigating each type. Our hope is that technologists and civil society groups working to end shutdowns will find this a useful technical resource to understand, prepare for, circumven
...
Simplified Guide on Internet Shutdown
Dar es Salaam: ZAINA Foundation (2022), 19 pp.
"This is the proactive simplified internet shutdown guide for human rights defenders in Sub Saharan Africa. The internet is the key infrastructure in democracy. Access to the internet and other technological communication tools is vital during this period of human rights in the digital era. This gui
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Internet Shutdowns: Trends, Causes, Legal Implications and Impacts on a Range of Human Rights
United Nations (2022), 17 pp.
"In the present report, submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 47/16, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights provides an overview of trends in Internet shutdowns. It contains an analysis of their causes and the legal implications and the impact on human ri
...
Digitalisation and Civic Space: Chances and Challenges
Berlin: Brot für die Welt (2022), 58 pp.
"Multifaceted, uncensored, promoting democracy - that is the internet, many people had long hoped. But from today's perspective, this is not true - or only partially. Because the big digital platforms and the world wide web are both: media of freedom and control. In many places, they support civil s
...
Atlas der Zivilgesellschaft. Freiheitsrechte unter Druck: Schwerpunkt Digitalisierung
München; Berlin: oekom Verlag; Brot für die Welt (2022), 86 pp.
"Vielfaltig, unzensiert, demokratiefördernd - das ist das Internet, hofften viele Menschen lange. Doch diese Attribute passen aus heutiger Sicht nicht - oder nur teilweise. Denn die großen digitalen Plattformen und das World Wide Web sind beides: Medien der Freiheit und der Kontrolle. Sie helfen d
...
Universal Periodic Review 41st Session – Indonesia (Fourth Cycle). Joint Stakeholder Contribution: Freedom of Expression, Freedom of Religion and Belief, and Digital Rights
Association for Progressive Communications (APC) (2022), 16 pp.
"In this submission, the Association of Progressive Communications (APC), EngageMedia and Southeast Asia Freedom of Expression Network (SAFEnet) examine Indonesia's compliance with the recommendations received during the third Universal Periodic Review cycle in 2017. This submission will focus parti
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Let the Net Work: Internet Shutdowns in India 2022
New Delhi: SFLC (2022), 48 pp.
"The observations made in this report make emphatically clear the failings of the current legal framework in defending human rights in the context of access to the internet. As seen in the report, the disruption of access to the internet is triggered at the most menial of instances, including for re
...
Solidarity and Survival: The Story of South Asia. India Country Report
International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2022), 8 pp.
"This document was produced by the IFJ and focuses on the following issues that the media faces in India: rise of government pressure and fear towards it, the growth of digital users, journalists´ lives lost during the pandemic, intimidation and harassment of the journalists across the country, the
...
Loss of Tonga’s Telecommunication: What Happened, What Were the Consequences and How Were They Managed?
Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (2022), 4 pp.
"In January 2022 the subsea volcano Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai in Tonga had a major eruption which also cut the country’s communication lines nationally, between Tonga’s inhabited islands and the outside world. The damage led to a complete halt in international communication (a “digital darkn
...
Understanding Internet Shutdowns: A Case Study from Pakistan
Journal of Communication, volume 12 (2022), pp. 3917-3938
"This article provides an overview of Internet shutdowns in Pakistan, which have become an increasingly common phenomenon, with 41 occurring between 2012 and 2017. It argues that to understand how shutdowns became normalized in Pakistan, it is necessary to look at the specific dynamics of how the sh
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Internet shutdowns in international law
New York: Columbia University, Global Freedom of Expression (2022), 45 pp.
Internet Shutdowns and Human Rights: Submission in Response to the Call for Comments by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights as Input for the Report on Internet Shutdowns and Human Rights to the Fiftieth Session of the Human Rights Council in June 2022
Association for Progressive Communications (APC) (2022), 29 pp.
"Temporary internet disruptions and shutdowns pose serious challenges to the exercise of a wide range of rights and therefore cannot be justified under any pretext, whether these relate to preservation of national security, safeguarding the public order, or countering disinformation, among others. A
...
Digital Shutdowns and Social Media: Spatiality, Political Economy and Internet Shutdowns in India
Cham: Springer (2021), xxi, 176 pp.
"Internet shutdowns have occurred in India for several reasons, mainly to hinder the spreading of information through social media - this is discussed in detail along with political motives behind this and how this can conflict with government policies, such as the flagship program "Digital India" w
...
Digital Civil Society: (Dis-) Connected
Stuttgart: Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen (ifa) (2021), 52 pp.
"This publication is a collection of a variety of outlooks, recommendations, and input from the participants of the 2020 workshop [for fellows of the CrossCulture Programme (CCP) of the Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen] and others. On the subject of digital access, CCP alumnus Camilo Olea speaks ab
...
Internet Shutdowns and Elections Handbook: A Guide for Election Observers, Embassies, Activists, and Journalists
Access Now; KeepItOn (2021), 10 pp.
"This handbook explains how internet shutdowns undermine democractic elections and provides tips and recommendations for key actors to navigate shutdowns and understand and assess the extent to which an election taking place under a shutdown is free and fair. It is aimed at election observers, peopl
...
The Great Firewall of China: How to Build and Control an Alternative Version of the Internet
London: Zed Books (2021), xv, 423 pp.
"China's 'Great Firewall' has evolved into the most sophisticated system of online censorship in the world. As the Chinese internet grows and online businesses thrive, speech is controlled, dissent quashed, and attempts to organise outside the official Communist Party are quickly stamped out. Update
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