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Journalism Blocked, Information Seized: A Tale of How Internet Shutdown Crippled Media Work in Uganda
Unwanted Witness (2021), 21 pp.
"Notably, effective media coverage of the general elections in Uganda was curtailed by the internet shutdown as pointed out by 80% of the respondents. On the whole, the shutdown had negative impact on both the quality and quantity of the news output. For example, Mobile money services were interrupt
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Internet Shutdowns and Elections Handbook: A Guide for Election Observers, Embassies, Activists, and Journalists
Access Now; KeepItOn (2021), 10 pp.
"This handbook explains how internet shutdowns undermine democractic elections and provides tips and recommendations for key actors to navigate shutdowns and understand and assess the extent to which an election taking place under a shutdown is free and fair. It is aimed at election observers, peopl
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The Great Firewall of China: How to Build and Control an Alternative Version of the Internet
London: Zed Books (2021), xv, 423 pp.
"China's 'Great Firewall' has evolved into the most sophisticated system of online censorship in the world. As the Chinese internet grows and online businesses thrive, speech is controlled, dissent quashed, and attempts to organise outside the official Communist Party are quickly stamped out. Update
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Digital Shutdowns and Social Media: Spatiality, Political Economy and Internet Shutdowns in India
Cham: Springer (2021), xxi, 176 pp.
"Internet shutdowns have occurred in India for several reasons, mainly to hinder the spreading of information through social media - this is discussed in detail along with political motives behind this and how this can conflict with government policies, such as the flagship program "Digital India" w
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Myanmar’s Military Struggles to Control the Virtual Battlefield
Brussels: International Crisis Group (2021), 37 pp.
"Since the 1 February coup d’état in Myanmar, the online space has become a parallel battlefield on which the country’s military and its opponents try to rally supporters, share information and control the narrative around events unfolding in the country. This virtual struggle has been vitally
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"Among the various forms of online censorship, internet shutdowns are some of the most invasive and blunt. Unlike traditional forms of censorship like blocking internet pages or certain content, these disruptions to digital communications are architectural and affect a preliminary condition in the i
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"Between 2016 and 2021, 68 shutdowns have been documented in 29 African countries. This demonstrates that government-mandated internet disruptions are an established norm in the region, despite very little scientific or social evidence demonstrating their effectiveness. A number of pointers and fact
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Myanmar Coup and Internet Shutdowns
Asia Centre (2021), 15 pp.
"Asia Centre’s Briefing Note, Myanmar Coup and Internet Shutdowns, tracks the period 1 February to 31 March 2021. The Note provides a timeline of the shutdowns, reactions from protestors, technology companies and the international community, legal analysis of key laws and Myanmar’s international
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Myanmar: Dismantling Dissent. Crackdowns on Internet Freedoms
Bangkog: Asia Centre (2021), 27 pp.
"The OPTIMA workflow is a compilation of new and existing resources, guides, methodologies, and more to assist individuals and activists before, during and after an Internet shutdown. The following repository is organized into four categories:
ADVOCACY RESOURCES. Designing effective advocacy campai
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Dynamics of People, State, and Cyber Power in the Internet Shutdown Policy at Papua and West Papua in 2019
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, issue 672 (2021), pp. 234-248
"The Internet Shutdown policy implemented at Papua and West Papua in 2019 has created a competing narrative between the government and the civil society. The main narration championed to justify the Internet Shutdown by the government is the concern of the national security whereas the civil society
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A Spectrum of Shutdowns: Reframing Internet Shutdowns from Africa
International Journal of Communication, volume 14 (2020), pp. 4327-4342
"This article explores the prevailing ways Internet shutdowns are currently understood and makes the case for a new conceptualization—one that recognizes the inherent diversity of cases and how and why they are employed. To do so, we focus on Internet shutdowns in Africa, drawing on data collected
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The Changing Landscape of Internet Shutdowns in Africa
International Journal of Communication, volume 14 (2020), pp. 4216-4233
"There is an evolution underway in terms of how Internet access is perceived and understood. The view that Internet access should be a fundamental right has continued to gain traction. At the same time, concerns are increasing about the very real threat of offline harm posed by the dissemination of
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