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1023
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629
Key Guidance
3
Top Insights
29
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240
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215
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96
Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
80
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71
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63
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
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57
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48
Media & Communication Policies
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Journalism Education & Training
44
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36
Press
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Media Ownership
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Ethics in Media & Communication
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Political Transition and Media
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Communication Rights
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Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
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Radio
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Media Assistance
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Democracy
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Watchdog Role of the Media
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News Consumption & Information Sources of Media Users
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Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
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News Agencies
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Media, Mass Media
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Communication & Media Indicators
14
Journalism Concepts & Cultures
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COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
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Development and Media
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History of Media & Communication
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Journalists
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Press Landscapes
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Human Rights
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Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
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Access to Media & Information
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Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
10
Journalism Ethics
10
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
9
Internet
9
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
9
Media Concentration
9
Media Law & Regulation: International Standards & Practices
9
Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
9
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
9
Election Reporting
9
Politics
9
Access to Information Laws, Right to Information Regulation
8
Audiences & Users
8
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
8
Editorial Independence
8
Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
8
Killings of Journalists & Media Personnel
8
Internet / Social Media Law & Regulation
8
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
8
Defamation Law & Regulation
8
Codes of Journalistic Ethics
8
Self-Regulation of Media
8
History of the Press
8
Satellite Television
8
Human Rights Violations
8
Media Outlets, Media Associations
8
Advertising
7
Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
7
War Reporting
7
Social Media
7
Political Economy of Media
7
History of Media: 20th Century
7
Investigative Journalism
7
Governance & Accountability: Role of Media / Communication
7
Islam and Communication
7
Civil Society
7
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
6
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
6
Freedom of Expression Principles
6
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
6
State Influence on the Media
6
Conflicts and Media
6
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
6
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
6
Foreign Correspondents
6
Media Development Indicators
6
Radio Landscapes
6
Law Enforcement, Litigations, Legal Practice, Case Law, Jurisdiction
6
Public Spheres
6
Taliban
6
Cinema
5
Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
5
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
5
Crime & Violence Reporting
5
History of Media: 19th Century
5
International Communication
5
Corruption Reporting & Role of Media in Curbing Corruption
5
Media & Information Literacy
5
Propaganda
5
Religion and Communication
5
Non-Western Communication Approaches
5
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
4
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
4
Community Media
4
Community Radios
4
Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation: Role of Media
4
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
4
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
4
Popular Cultures
4
Economy
4
Local Journalism
4
Media Assistance: Regional Approaches & Experiences
4
Media System Analyses & Typologies
4
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
4
Television Landscapes
4
Television Law & Regulation
4
Public Media, State Media
4
Media Effects
4
Islamic Cultures: Role of Media
4
Research in Media & Communication
4
Violence
4
Technologies, Information & Communication Technologies
4
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
3
Catholic Church and Communication
3
Christian Communication
3
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
3
Legal Threats to Media Freedom
3
Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
3
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
3
Development Journalism & Media Representation of Development Issues
3
Media Convergence
3
Internet Shutdowns
3
Digital Economies, Digital Societies
3
Information Society
3
Racism in Communication & Media
3
Media Monopolies & Oligopolies
3
Media Industries
3
Bribery & Corruption in Journalism
3
Press Councils
3
Sensationalist Journalism, Yellow Press
3
Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
3
Gender & Religious Communication
3
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
3
History of Journalism
3
History of Media: Colonial Period
3
Globalisation of Media
3
World Information and Communication Order
3
Transnational Broadcasting, International Broadcasting
3
European Union (EU)
3
UNESCO
3
Reporters Sans Frontièrs
3
Business & Economics Journalism
3
Political Reporting
3
Transition Countries: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
3
Media Law & Regulation: Constitutional Law
3
Press Law & Regulation
3
Radio Law & Regulation
3
Regulatory Bodies
3
Populism
3
Democratization
3
Magazines
3
Muslim Media
3
Society
3
Society & Media, Media Sociology
3
Informatics
3
Technological Change, Technological Developments, Technological Progress
3
SMS
3
Telecommunication Law, Regulation & Policies
3
Editorial Independence: Influence of Advertisers
2
Government Advertising, State Advertising
2
Area & Regional Studies
2
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
2
Catholic Media Organizations
2
Child Protection, Protection of Minors
2
Chilling Effects (Discouragement of Legitimate Exercise of Legal Rights)
2
Copyright Law
2
OSCE Representative of Freedom of the Media
2
Government Communication Strategies
2
Government / State Advertising: Allocation Policies & Regulation
2
Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy
2
Alternative Press
2
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
2
Traditional Communication
2
Religion and Justice / Peace / Reconciliation
2
Terrorism
2
Civil Wars
2
Russia-Ukraine War <2014-
2
Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
2
Information Warfare, Psychological Warfare
2
Culture and Communication, Culture and Media
2
Collective Memory: Violent Conflicts & Wars
2
Development Assistance
2
Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
2
Poverty Reduction: Role of Media
2
Digital Communication, Digital Media
2
Digital Media Landscapes
2
Multimedia Products & Production
2
Blogging, Blogs
2
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
2
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
2
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Reporting
2
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
2
Disinformation & Misinformation Law & Regulation
2
Media Commercialisation
2
Media Markets
2
Training
2
Soap Operas & Telenovelas
2
Objectivity & Veracity of Reporting
2
Media Assistance: Evaluation, Monitoring, Impact Assessment
2
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
2
Women (General)
2
Women's Magazines, Women's Press
2
COVID-19 Communication
2
Colonial Legacies
2
Developing Countries Reporting & Representation in Foreign / International Media
2
Foreign News, International News
2
Russia: Foreign Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
2
Foreign Policies
2
Council of Europe
2
Awards & Prizes: Journalism Awards
2
Exiled Journalists
2
Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
2
Legal Status of Journalists
2
News
2
Court Reporting & Media Representation of Judicial System
2
Islam: Media Representation & Reporting
2
Local Communication & Media
2
Media Assistance: Country Strategies & Experiences
2
Information Policies
2
Civil Rights
2
Human Rights Protection
2
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
2
Judiciary & Penal System
2
Licensing of Media
2
National Security Legislation
2
Nationalisation of Media
2
Religious Freedom
2
Right to Reply, Right of Recitification
2
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
2
Refugees / Displaced People
2
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
2
Government Policies
2
Internal Politics
2
Military
2
Political Transition
2
Public Interest
2
Agenda Setting
2
National Identity & Media, Nationalism & Communication
2
Political Communication
2
Kompas (Newspaper, Indonesia)
2
Manipulation
2
Religion and Politics
2
Media Sustainability Index (MSI)
2
Statistical Data: Collection, Analysis & Interpretation
2
Social Conflicts, Social Problems
2
Corruption & Combating Corruption
2
Social Change
2
Telecommunications
2
Telecommunication Infrastructure
2
Al-Jazeera
2
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
1
Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities
1
Flow of Information
1
Advertising Markets & Industries
1
Transnational Advertising, International Advertising
1
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
1
Social Movements: Communication Strategies & Practices
1
Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
1
Media Use: Women, Female Media Audiences
1
Print Media Use, Press Readers
1
Media Law & Regulation: Authoritarian Regimes
1
Book Publishing
1
Campaigning: Effects & Effctiveness
1
Election Campaigns
1
Catholic Communication Ethics, Catholic Media Ethics
1
Catholic Media
1
Catholic Press
1
Catholic Radios
1
Children and Media
1
Orthodox Churches
1
WACC
1
Film Industries
1
Films
1
Data Protection: Law & Regulation
1
Editorial Independence: Influence of Media Owners
1
Freedom of Expression Lobbying & Communication Rights Campaigning
1
Intellectual Property
1
Open Licensing, Creative Commons, Public Domain
1
Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
1
Internet Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
1
Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
1
History of Press Freedom & Censorship
1
Right to be Forgotten
1
Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP)
1
Communication Strategies
1
Public Relations
1
Alternative Communication & Media
1
Community Radio Regulation & Licensing
1
Community Television
1
Participatory Communication
1
Genocides
1
International Conflicts
1
Conflict-Sensitive Digital Technology Use & Social Media in Prevention & Transformation
1
Conflict-Sensitive / Peace Communication
1
Dealing With the Past
1
Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
1
Hate Speech Legislation & Regulation
1
Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Media Law & Regulation in Conflict Areas
1
Violence in the Media
1
Violence in the Media: Reception & Effects
1
Wars & Political Violence in Arts & Literature
1
Discourse & Discourse Analysis
1
Media Criticism
1
Media Monitoring, Media Observatories
1
Anthropology of Media & Communication
1
Cultural Domination, Media Imperialism, Cultural & Media Dependency
1
Cultural Change
1
Cultural Identity
1
Cultural Studies
1
Literature
1
Authors, Writers
1
Modernization Development Approaches, Developmentalism
1
National Character
1
National Integration
1
Donor Coordination, Funder Collaboration, Aid Harmonsation
1
World Bank
1
Financing Nonprofit Organizations
1
Information For All Programme (IFAP/UNESCO)
1
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
1
Millenium Development Goals (MDG)
1
Good Governance
1
North South Relations
1
Entertainment Education, Edutainment
1
Influence of Media on Development Aid
1
Rural Communication for Development
1
Rural Radio Programmes, Rural Radios, Rural Development & Radio
1
Social Change & Media / Communication
1
Big Digital Platforms, Big Tech Companies
1
Digital Ethics, AI Ethics, Social Media Ethics, Data & Information Ethics
1
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
1
Digital Political Communication
1
Search Engines
1
Facebook
1
Journalistic Social Media Use
1
Telegram
1
YouTube
1
Ethnic / Minority Online Communities & Websites
1
Artificial Intelligence
1
AI Reporting
1
ICT Industries & Markets
1
Information Highway
1
Ethnic Media, Minority Media
1
Ethnic Television, Minority Television
1
LGBT & Communication / Media
1
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Media Policies & Regulations
1
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Racism
1
Romani People
1
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Information Management
1
Economics of Media
1
Commercial Broadcasting
1
Distribution of Media
1
Game Industries, Game Production
1
Printing Industries
1
Informal Sector, Informal Economy
1
Television Markets
1
Foreign Media Investments, Foreign Media Ownership
1
Private / Commercial Media Ownership
1
Commodities, Raw Materials, Extractive Industries, Mining
1
Poverty & Poverty Reduction
1
Adult Education
1
Education (General)
1
Educational Radios
1
Radio Schools
1
Entertainment and Media / Communication
1
Humour, Parody, Satire
1
Environmental Journalism
1
Accountability & Transparency of the Media
1
Morals
1
Sexuality: Media Representation, Sexually Explicit Media Content, Pornography
1
Responsibility
1
Evaluation Methods, Evaluation Tools
1
Health Communication
1
Health Journalism
1
HIV / AIDS Communication
1
Colonial Period
1
Decolonisation & Independence (General)
1
History (General)
1
History of Radio
1
History of Television
1
Indigenous Communication
1
Ethnicity in Communication
1
Indigenous Media, Indigenous Language Media Productions
1
Cross-Cultural Analysis
1
Africa: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
China: Transnational Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
1
Foreign Countries: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Foreign Press, Foreign Language Press
1
Globalisation: Impact on (Local) Media & Communication
1
International Media Associations / Organizations
1
International Press Institute (IPI)
1
International Media & Communication Policies
1
Media in the Global South / Developing Countries
1
International Relations
1
Dependence
1
Diplomacy
1
International Organizations
1
African Union (AU)
1
OECD
1
Windhoek Declaration on Promoting Independent and Pluralistic Media (UNESCO, 1991)
1
International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)
1
Civic Journalism, Public Journalism
1
Journalism Education Curricula
1
Media Assistance: Journalism Education & Training
1
Features
1
Journalistic Research Methods
1
Television News
1
Death & Grief: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Drug Trafficking Reporting & Media Representation
1
Media Reporting, Reporting on Journalism & Communication Issues
1
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
1
Risk Communication
1
Television Journalism
1
Language
1
French Language
1
Language and Media
1
Local Radios, Local Radio Programmes
1
China: Media Assistance
1
European Union: Media Assistance
1
Germany: Media Assistance Actors, Practices, Priorities
1
Media Assistance: Donor Organizations
1
Media Assistance: Implementing Organizations
1
Media Assistance: Law & Regulation, Media Policy Consultancies
1
Media Assistance: Lessons Learned
1
Media Assistance: Mapping of Programs & Donors
1
Communication
1
Communication Networks
1
Communication Processes
1
Communication Systems
1
Informal Communication Channels, Networks & Structures
1
Dissemination of Information
1
Presentation of Information
1
Interpersonal Communication, Interpersonal Relations
1
Trust Building: Role of Communication & Media
1
Media Democratization
1
Public Funding & Support Policies for Media
1
Media Literacy: Youth
1
Accreditation of Journalists
1
Confidential Sources, Whistleblowing, Protection of Journalists' Sources
1
Forced Labour & Human Trafficking
1
Law, Legislation, Judiciary (General)
1
Law & Regulation: Protection of Confidential Sources & Whistleblowers
1
Financing Public Service Media
1
Media Companies, Media Corporations, Media Enterprises
1
Quality Criteria, Quality Standards
1
Diasporas
1
Music
1
People with Disabilities & Communication / Media
1
Photography
1
Accountability & Transparency
1
Elections
1
Guerillas, Insurgent Groups, Revolutionary Movements
1
Islamization
1
Political Change
1
Political Doctrines
1
Capitalism
1
Socialism
1
Political Movements
1
Political Preferences
1
Political Systems
1
Semi-Authoritarian Regimes & Defective Democracies
1
Shrinking Spaces for Civil Society & Political Actors
1
Parliaments
1
Centralization
1
Framing
1
Influence of Media on Politics
1
Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers, Elites
1
Special-Interest Magazines
1
Local Newspapers
1
Periodicals
1
Public & State Radios
1
Public & State Television
1
Commercial Radios
1
Radio Progreso (El Progreso, Honduras)
1
University Radios
1
Gatekeeping Function of Media
1
Media Psychology, Communication Psychology
1
Media Reception
1
Ideologies
1
Socialization
1
Confucianism
1
Fundamentalisms (Religious)
1
Hinduism
1
Hinduism and Communication
1
Islamist Communications & Media
1
Judaism and Communication
1
Jewish Media
1
Analysis
1
Qualitative Analysis
1
Empirical Studies
1
Indicators & Indices
1
Freedom of the Press Index (Freedom House)
1
Political Indicators
1
Rural Communication, Media in Rural Areas
1
Apartheid
1
Rohingya
1
Popular Movements
1
Networks & Networking
1
Social Aspects
1
Revolutions
1
Social Control
1
Digital Television
1
Telecommunication Companies, Mobile Phone & Fixed Line Operators
1
Cable Television
1
Commercial Television
1
Al-Hurra (Television Channel)
1
Television Programmes & Genres
1
Television Talk Shows
1
Postcolonial & Decolonial Communication Approaches
1
User-Generated Contents
1
Illustrations, Pictures, Images
1
Visual Cultures
1
Youth Cultures, Youth Milieus, Youth Identities
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
Pressure & Polarisation: Powering Media Resistance in South Asia
International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2023), 23 pp.
"In this report we explore the complex interface between power and the fundamental human rights of press freedom and freedom of expression. We also document the challenges for media and attacks to journalists in this time, including at least 140 violations, including killings, jailings, legal harass
...
The State of Press Freedom in Southern Africa 2023
Harare: Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) (2023), 78 pp.
"The report has, in summary, shown that although there are positive developments across the Southern African region, meeting the international standards is still work in progress and in some instances, states are regressing. There is evidence of a plethora of challenges that hinder the practice of i
...
African Media Barometer: Uganda 2022
Windhoek; Kampala: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2023), 75 pp.
Presiones económicas: El principal factor de riesgo para la independencia del periodismo
Bogotá: Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa (FLIP); Cifras & Conceptos (2023), 13 pp.
"La Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa (FLIP), el Círculo de Periodistas de Bogotá y Cifras & Conceptos presentan los resultados de la "Encuesta de Libertad de Expresión y Acceso a la Información". En la encuesta participaron 585 periodistas y columnistas en 6 regiones del país y 9 de ellos
...
A New Paradigm for Global Journalism: Press Freedom and Public Interest
Columbia Journalism Review, February 7 (2023)
"[...] There is a need to expand the framework for press freedom defense to incorporate the notion of public interest. Linking press freedom and public interest allows for the protection of press freedom based not only on the individual right to free expression but also on the collective social bene
...
Lights Out: Is This the End for Hong Kong's Media?
Brussels: International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2022), 11 pp.
"The transformation of Hong Kong is “unstoppable,” as one official has said. And journalists should not expect any special privileges. Journalists, including foreign journalists, are welcome. But they must stick to reporting basic facts, not align with what Beijing called the “anti-China force
...
Freedom of Expression: A Myth or Reality? A Case of Pakistani Television Journalists
Journal of Media and Communication Studies, volume 2, issue 2 (2022), pp. 1-16
"This study is aimed at investigating the impact of security threats on the freedom of expression of Pakistani Television (TV) journalists. It has been observed that a growing trend of curtailment of freedom of expression is becoming new normal in the country. One of the significant problems related
...
Pluralismo, diversidad y libertad de expresión: Estándares interamericanos sobre obligaciones de los Estados y límites a la regulación de medios
Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2022), 29 pp.
"Este documento hace un recorrido por los estándares fijados por los órganos del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos que establecen las obligaciones de los Estados para garantizar el pluralismo y la diversidad de los sistemas mediáticos como parte de la protección del derecho a la liberta
...
Free Speech: A History from Socrates to Social Media
New York: Basic Books (2022), 514 pp.
"In 'Free Speech', Jacob Mchangama traces the long, contested history of a powerful idea, beginning with its origins in the intellectual ferment of classical Athens, where it enabled the development of the world's first democracy. Through captivating stories of defenders of free speech throughout hi
...
Report: State of Media Freedom in Ghana 2022
East Legon: Media Foundation for West Africa (MFWA) (2022), 13 pp.
Free Speech: The Crumbling Infrastructure. SKF Annual Report 2021
Beirut: Samir Kassir Foundation (2022), 34 pp.
The State of Media Freedom and Safety of Journalists in Africa
Top Insights
CIPESA (2022), 57 pp.
"This report seeks to serve two purposes. The first is to research and document the state of media freedom and safety of journalists in Africa and to provide specific and evidence-based recommendations to guide policy makers, media development organisations and other media freedom and human rights a
...
Terrorism and the Performance of Journalists in Balochistan
Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies, volume 8, issue 2 (2022), pp. 459-468
"Freedom of speech and freedom of the press is generally attributed to an independent society where the basic rights of citizens are ensured. Balochistan, the western and resources rich province of Pakistan with its huge geopolitical importance has been under a strong wave of terrorism for the last
...
The Strategic Bias: How Journalists Respond to Antimedia Populism
International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 27, issue 4 (2022), pp. 808-826
"As populist campaigns against the media become increasingly common around the world, it is ever more urgent to explore how journalists adopt and respond to them. Which strategies have journalists developed to maintain the public's trust, and what may be the implications for democracy? These questio
...
Post-2018 Media Landscape in Ethiopia: A Review
Center for the Advancement of Rights and Democracy (CARD) (2022), v, 46 pp.
"The advancement of digital technologies, political and legal changes, and the growth in the number of journalism schools in Ethiopia have generally contributed to the overall growth of media outlets and media workers. However, there is no comprehensive source of information that shows the impact of
...
