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Female Journalists & Media Workers
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Self-Censorship
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Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
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Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
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Gender-Based Online Harassment & Sexual Threats
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Cyberbullying, Cyberharassment
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Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
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Media Freedom, Press Freedom
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Countering Defamation & Harassment
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Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
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Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
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Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
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Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
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Media Law & Regulation
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Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
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Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
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Russia-Ukraine War <2014-
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Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
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Sports Reporting
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Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
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Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
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Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
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Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
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Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
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Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
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Media / Communication Control
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Censorship
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Killings of Journalists & Media Personnel
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Violence Against Journalists & Media Personnel
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Alternative Communication & Media
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Trauma, Coping with Trauma, Trauma Therapy
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Twitter & Microblogs
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LGBT & Communication / Media
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Minority Journalists
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Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
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Disinformation & Misinformation Law & Regulation
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Self-Regulation of Media
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Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
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Gender-Sensitive Journalism
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Women's Rights
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COVID-19 Communication
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Indigenous Journalists & Communicators
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Russia: Foreign Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
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European Union (EU)
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Associations & Networks of Journalists
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Investigative Journalism
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Journalism Education & Training
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Local Television
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COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
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Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
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Criminal Law & Criminal Prosecution
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Human Rights Violations
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Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
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Hindu Nationalism
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Democracy / Democratization and Media
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Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
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Taliban
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COVID-19 Pandemic: Economic, Political and Social Effects
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"In recent years, resilience training has been recommended as a way to protect news workers from the impact of reporting on traumatic events. However, do journalists see it as a useful tool in dealing with online abuse and harassment? This article explores Australian journalists’ conceptions of re ... more

Types and Sources of Threats to Media Freedom in Uganda

In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety
Sadia Jamil (ed.)
Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 257-276
"This chapter contributes to journalism research from the Uganda's context by investigating the types and sources of threats to journalists' safety and media freedom in the country. The authors achieve this by examining relevant documents on the state of journalism in Uganda and interviewing journal ... more
"Despite widespread condemnation of assaults on journalists in Ghana and elsewhere in the past, there is increasing evidence of brutality against journalists. When perpetrators of such assaults go unpunished, it fosters a culture of impunity. The article throws searchlight on incidences of assaults ... more
"According to neo-institutional theory, the survival of institutions in society is predicated on a cultural discourse. Dubbed “the institutional myth,” this discourse reflects the core values, practices and aspirations of an institution and legitimizes its existence to internal and external stak ... more

Digital Threats and Attacks on the Philippine Alternative Press: Range, Responses, and Remedies

In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety
Sadia Jamil (ed.)
Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 1-22
"In the Philippines, the assault on the press has gone digital. While Filipino journalists continue to face physical, verbal, and legal threats and attacks, cyber-attacks and online harassment/trolling were identified in 2018 as the second worst threat against them, after low wages and poor working ... more
"Despite a plethora of threats such as funding, violence, ownership etc., challenging Journalism profession; amateurs who engage in the practice, seem to continually pose more threats. Amateurs arguably exacerbate the spread of fake and misleading information, disinformation, misinterpretation of is ... more
"Amid growing threats to journalists around the world, this study examines the nature of online harassment, the types of journalists most likely to experience it, and the most common forms of response to such abuse. Through a representative survey of U.S. journalists, we find that nearly all journal ... more
"Pakistan’s journalists confront severe safety risks across the country and impunity to crimes against them allows the perpetrators to go unpunished. Now the country is recognized as one of the deadliest places for working journalists in the world. Given this situation, the Pakistani female journa ... more
"Journalists covering environmental issues around the globe are at heightened risk of murder, arrest, assault, threats, self-exile, lawsuits, and harassment because environmental controversies often involve influential business and economic interests, political power battles, criminal activities, an ... more

The Pitfalls and Perils of Being a Digital Journalist in Venezuela

In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety
Sadia Jamil (ed.)
Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 319-337
"To be a journalist in Venezuela is very dangerous. In the past decade, there has been an increase of attacks against media and their personnel. On the one hand, attacks against journalists include harassment (physical, digital, legal), illegal detentions, kidnapping, and assassination. On the other ... more
"Female journalists make up only between five to 10 percent of the total journalists in Indonesia. Consequently, this often gives women little bargaining power in the workplace. This research analyzes the prevalence and nature of sexual harassment experienced by Indonesian female journalists, as wel ... more

What to Do if You’re the Target of Online Harassment

Slate;Free Speech Project;Future Tense;Tech, Law, & Security Program at American University Washington College of Law (2020)
"In the middle of a global pandemic, as a wave of anti-racism activism sweeps the nation, conditions are rife for a spike in online hate and harassment. Tens of thousands have taken to the streets to protest police brutality while millions more socially distance at home, anxious and isolated, with e ... more
"This report describes and analyses how online propaganda against journalists across the world - through hate, harassment, threats and fabricated news – undermines independent reporting, sows doubt among the public and makes journalists, in particular female journalists, open for online attacks an ... more
"News organizations in many Western democracies face decreasing trust amid fake news accusations. In this situation, news organizations risk losing their license to operate and need to defend their legitimacy. This study analyzes how The New York Times (NYT) discredits fake news accusations, which a ... more

Fighting Words: Journalism Under Assault in Central and Eastern Europe

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2019), 30 pp.
"To understand the situation and examine what can be done to address it, we sent out a questionnaire to journalists in 16 countries in the region, asking them about the state of press freedom and the areas in which they felt their ability to work was being curtailed. We also asked them about sources ... more
"The annual International Press Freedom was, for the third time, organised by the Faculty of Law and Criminology and the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences of Ghent University, Belgium. The seminar gathered speakers from different backgrounds: journalists, academics, and civil society organisa ... more
"Online harassment is increasingly applied as a form of information control to curb free speech and exert power in online public spheres. In recent years, states have appeared to be particularly invested in weaponizing information against dissidents in an attempt at dominating social and political d ... more

Online Harassment of Journalists: Attack of the Trolls

Paris: Reporters Without Borders (2018), 36 pp.
"In a new report entitled “Online harassment of journalists: the trolls attack,” Reporters Without Borders (RSF) sheds light on the latest danger for journalists – threats and insults on social networks that are designed to intimidate them into silence. The sources of these threats and insults ... more