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Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
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Exposure to Online Hateful Content and Users’ Engagement: A Silencing Effect
International Journal of Communication, volume 18 (2024), pp. 5629-5651
"Although there has been recent interest in the effects of exposure to online hate speech targeting ethnic minority groups, there are some underexplored areas. In a context dominated by debates over free and hateful speech across social media platforms, it has never been more pertinent to investigat
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Populism Fuels Hate Speech and Disinformation: Evidence From Political Discourse on X (Formerly Twitter) in India and Pakistan
International Journal of Communication, volume 18 (2024), pp. 5694-5713
"This study discusses the relationship among the various dimensions of populism, hate speech, and disinformation within the political discourse on X (formerly Twitter) in India and Pakistan. Employing manual content analysis, we examined 7,141 posts from both populist and non-populist political lead
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Ain't no Game: Antisemitism in Gaming and on Social Media
ELNET Deutschland; Combat Antisemitism Movement (2024), 5 pp.
"Antisemitism Surges Online: Antisemitic content on platforms like X spiked by 919 percent following the October 7 Hamas attacks, spreading hate that deeply affects Jewish users, especially the young. Enhanced moderation systems combining AI and human oversight, along with stricter regulations, are
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Unpacking Affective Polarization in Afghanistan: Ethnic Politics, Elite Competition, and Online Divisive Content
Tokyo: Toda Peace Institute (2024), 25 pp.
"Affective polarization has been a persistent feature of Afghanistan’s society and politics in the past decades. However, with the instantaneous collapse of the republic’s government and the return of the Taliban, the country has witnessed heightened affective polarization along ethnic and ideol
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Red Pilled: The Allure of Digital Hate
Bielefeld: Bielefeld University Press; transript (2023), 190 pp.
"Over the last two decades, online platforms have been used to repackage racist, sexist and xenophobic ideologies into new sociotechnical forms. Digital hate is ancient but novel, deploying the Internet to boost its allure and broaden its appeal. To understand the logic of hate, Luke Munn investigat
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Addressing hate speech through education: A guide for policy-makers
Paris: UNESCO (2023), 68 pp.
"This guide for policy-makers developed by the United Nations’ Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect (OSAPG) and UNESCO provides specific strategies and approaches to address hate speech within and through education. Countering harmful, discriminatory and violent narrativ
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Contextures of hate: Towards a systems theory of hate communication on social media platforms
Communication Review, volume 26, issue 3 (2023), pp. 209-252
"We inquire into different perspectives and patterns of problematizing online hate speech within the social sciences from a systems-theoretical perspective. Our results identify five different research perspectives adopted by studies on the issue: (1) systematic perspectives on problems of operation
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Online Hate Speech Expressions in Local Languages in Indonesia
Wendratama, Engelbertus: PR2Media (2023), vi; 49 pp.
Social Media Platforms and Challenges for Democracy, Rule of Law and Fundamental Rights
Brussels: European Parliament, Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs (2023), 151 pp.
"This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, examines risks that contemporary social media - focusing in particular on the most widely-used platforms - present for democracy, the rul
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WhatsApp 360: A Look into the WhatsApp News Ecosystem in Lebanon Focusing on Misinformation and Hate Speech
Metn: Samir Kassir Foundation (2023), 39 pp.
"1. Expansive reach and influence of WhatsApp groups: The study findings indicate that WhatsApp groups have a remarkably wide reach, potentially connecting with three quarters of WhatsApp users in Lebanon. These groups are part of larger networks, which enhances the dissemination of content. Moreove
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Safer TikTok: Strategien im Umgang mit Antisemitismus und Hassrede auf TikTok
Frankfurt am Main: Bildungsstätte Anne Frank (2023), 53 pp.
"Verschwörungstheoretiker*innen, Antisemit*innen und Rassist*innen haben sich ein Standbein auf TikTok gebaut – das berichten Expert*innen und bildungspolitische Akteur*innen immer wieder. Besonders in Krisenzeiten hat diese Art Content Konjunktur – so etwa während der Corona-Pandamie oder der
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Social Media 4 Peace: Local Lessons for Global Practices
Paris: UNESCO (2023), 69 pp.
"The three countries [Bosnia and Herzegovina, Indonesia, and Kenya] provide evidence of online hate speech and disinformation affecting human rights offline. The evidence is not comprehensive yet clear enough to raise serious concerns. Online gender-based violence is also reported as critical in the
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Deciphering Digital Hate: Assessing the Evidence between Online Speech and Offline Violence in Africa
Global Media Journal - German Edition, volume 13, issue 2 (2023), 25 pp.
"From Ethiopia to Sudan, there has been significant concern about the role of hate speech and incitement on social media to promote offline violence and, at its most extreme, genocide. These questions have become more urgent with the growth of large language models and Artificial Intelli-gence that
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Challenges and Perspectives of Hate Speech Research
Deep Insights
Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Media and Communication Studies (2023), 482 pp.
"This book is the result of a conference that could not take place. It is a collection of 26 texts that address and discuss the latest developments in international hate speech research from a wide range of disciplinary perspectives. This includes case studies from Brazil, Lebanon, Poland, Nigeria,
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Political Hate Sites in Singapore: Flourishing Without Repercussions
Bangkog: Asia Centre (2023), 60 pp.
Platform Problems and Regulatory Solutions: Findings from a Comprehensive Review of Existing Studies and Investigations
Deep Insights
Paris: UNESCO; Research ICT Africa (2023), 17 pp.
"The proliferation of hate speech and disinformation on online platforms has serious implications for human rights, trust and safety as per international human rights law and standards. The mutually-reinforcing determinants of the problems are: ‘attention economics’; automated advertising system
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El discurso del odio en los medios de Ecuador: Percepciones y soluciones
Quito: Abya-Yala; Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (2023), 110 pp.
"En un mundo globalizado donde la información fluye, los medios de comunicación tienen un papel esencial en moldear opiniones y actitudes. En El discurso de odio en los medios de Ecuador: percepciones y soluciones, estudiantes del sexto ciclo de Comunicación en la Universidad Politécnica Salesia
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