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Women and the media in Afghanistan: How to support female media workers in a challenging landscape

Catharine Buckell, Mahdi Zaki, Shukrana Azizi Suzanne Devai

London: BBC Media Action (2024), 50 pp.

"Women in Afghanistan continue to have less access to information than men, particularly through TV and the internet. At least 33% of women (more in rural areas) rely on family as a key source of information, while men prioritise other information sources. Yet Afghan women’s information needs have ... never been more pronounced – due to restrictions on their activities, many are confined to their homes. Women in Afghanistan with media access rely on this more than ever to keep updated on issues that concern them, and spend more time accessing and using media: "Now women are in the confines of their homes… The virtual space is the only window for us to learn about what is happening." (Female FGD participant, Herat). Two-thirds (65%) of female survey respondents say that the media is “very important” in their daily lives, compared with half (51%) of male respondents. Despite various efforts to cater to female audiences, 67% of female and male respondents feel that Afghan media only “somewhat” or “rarely” meets women’s needs. Reflecting restrictions on media content, respondents complain that domestic media contains too much religious content and not enough entertainment. However, educational content is still allowed, providing women and girls who are denied access to schooling with a vital source of education. Respondents are more satisfied with the balance of content in international media and media run by Afghans in exile, and they are more likely to watch some types of entertainment, such as movies, on international than domestic TV. However, a number of international media outlets are inaccessible from Afghanistan. Journalists inside Afghanistan are banned from working with international TV/radio channels or news sites, and some have been arrested for doing so. 87% of respondents say the presence of women in the media in Afghanistan has decreased since August 2021. Only 41% could name a female presenter or journalist. Almost all of those named by respondents worked in the media before 2021, or currently work from outside Afghanistan. Audience members support women featuring in news and educational programmes but are less supportive of them featuring in comedy and sports content. Over half (54%) of the general survey respondents say they would support a female relative to work as a journalist. A further 12% would support a female relative under certain conditions, including wearing the hijab and travelling with a mahram (women cannot leave their home without a male chaperone)." (Executive summary, page 6) more

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Negotiating between gender, national and professional identities: The work-experience of Israeli-Palestinian women journalists

Einat Lachover

Ethnicities, volume 24, issue 1 (2024), pp. 123-141

"This paper analyzes the work experience of Israeli-Palestinian women journalists who reside and work in Israel for local news organizations or non-Israeli news agencies. It focuses on their experiences related to the intersected axes of their gender, ethnic, and national identities. Through themati ... more

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Voices from Exile: The Safety Needs of Myanmar Women Journalists

Yucca Wai, Joseph Andersson

Exile Hub (2024), 104 pp.

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The digital media environment in Indonesia: Online gender-based violence. The experience, impact, and challenges of online gender-based violence against women journalists in Indonesia

Yovantra Arief, Ayu Regina Yolandasari

ABC International Development; Remotivi (2024), 42 pp.

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Patterns of Harassment in African Journalism

Lungile Augustine Tshuma, Trust Matsilele, Mbongeni Jonny Msimanga, Sadia Jamil (eds.)

New York: Routledge (2024), xvii, 251 pp.

"Drawing from case studies from selected African countries, an international team of authors offer a broad insight into the state of harassment across the continent, while building new theoretical perspectives that are also context-specific. The chapters bring previous theories and research up to da ... more

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“There Were No Repercussions, Nothing, Life Continued”: Experiences of Harassment by Female Journalists

Shepherd Mpofu, Trust Matsilele, Trevor Hlungwani

In: Patterns of Harassment in African Journalism

Lungile Augustine Tshuma, Trust Matsilele, Mbongeni Jonny Msimanga, Sadia Jamil (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2024), pp. 15-27

"The chapter explores the challenges associated with harassment for entry-level to mid-career journalists across South Africa’s hybrid media platforms. The study employed a qualitative methodology consisting of semi-structured interviews with 12 entry-level and mid-career journalists with industry ... more

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Emergent Forms and Patterns of Online Harassment of Women Journalists in African countries

Blessing Makwambeni, Patricia Rudo Makwambeni

In: Patterns of Harassment in African Journalism

Lungile Augustine Tshuma, Trust Matsilele, Mbongeni Jonny Msimanga, Sadia Jamil (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2024), pp. 49-66

"The internet and digital platforms have contributed to the democratisation of the public sphere. A number of studies have shown how the internet and new digital platforms have brought subaltern voices into the mainstream. However, recent studies show that on the flip side, the cybersphere also prom ... more

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Networked misogyny beyond the digital: The violent devaluation of women journalists’ labor and bodies in Turkey’s masculine authoritarian regime

Ergin Bulut, Basak Can

Feminist Media Studies, volume 24, issue 4 (2024), pp. 675-694

"Following the conservative Turkish government’s political-economic capture of the news media, educated and pro-feminist women journalists have migrated online. Despite having more publicity across platforms, they face immediate prosecution based on the tweet of an anonymous troll, an informant ci ... more

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Digital Surveillance, Online and Offline Harassment, and Feminist Media Politics

Millie Phiri

In: Patterns of Harassment in African Journalism

Lungile Augustine Tshuma, Trust Matsilele, Mbongeni Jonny Msimanga, Sadia Jamil (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2024), pp. 88-106

"This chapter examines the digital surveillance and harassment experiences faced by female journalists in Zimbabwe in the 2023 pre-election period covering the year 2022 up to August 2023. The examination is based on interviews conducted with seven purposefully selected female reporters and editors ... more

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Press Freedom Under Siege: Women Journalists in Mexico

Lucía Elisa Miguel Osorio, María José de Icaza

Potsdam: Friedrich Naumann Foundation; Article 19 (2024), 15 pp.

"The abuse and harassment against women journalists has become increasingly frequent and more coordinated in Mexico. As demonstrated throughout this study, it aims to threaten, silence, and stigmatize women journalists, with the potential to keep them out of public spaces. Despite the importance of ... more

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Harassed and Hushed: Bangladeshi Women Journalists’ Experiences of Gender Discrimination and Sexual Harassments

Priyanka Kundu, Maliha Tabassum

Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications, volume 9, issue 3 (2023), pp. 185-202

"A large number of Bangladeshi women journalists are facing gender discrimination and sexual harassment in the workplace. This is one of the contributing factors in excluding women journalists’ voices from the public sphere. Drawing on the feminist approach of structure and agency theory, the stud ... more

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An Underestimated Threat: Gendered Disinformation about Ukrainian Women Journalists

Liza Kuzmenko, Larysa Kompantseva

Women in Media; European Center for Press and Media Freedom (ECPMF) (2023), 51 pp.

"Russia uses a strategy of gendered disinformation in Ukraine to silence women journalists and create a certain negative image of gender equality and the role of women in democratic societies. Online violence can take on a variety of worms: doxxing, sectoring, trolling, cyberstalking, threats of vio ... more

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The Impact of Motherhood on the Career Development of Female Journalists in Nigeria

Ijeoma Okereke-Adagba

Wole Soyinka Centre for Investigative Journalism (WSCIJ) (2023), 33 pp.

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Decolonising knowledge production: The experience of the Syrian Female Journalists Network (SFJN)

Hayma Alyousfi, Rand Sabbagh

Gender & Development, volume 31, issue 2-3 (2023), pp. 457–476

"This article delves into the Syrian Female Journalists Network’s (SFJN) approach to decolonise knowledge production, focusing on a multifaceted deconstructive framework. Through an examination of our analytic and deconstructive process of media language and discourse, our methodology centres on i ... more

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Equidad de géneros en medios: Desafíos de un nuevo paradigma comunicacional

Paola Ramírez Barahona

Buenos Aires: Comunicación para la Igualdad (2023), 129 pp.

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Twitter trolling of Pakistani female journalists: A patriarchal society glance

Ayesha Siddiqua, Jiankun Gong, Iffat Ali Aksar

Media, Culture & Society, volume 45, issue 6 (2023), pp. 1303-1314

"The incorporation of new media technology into journalistic practices led to online harassment, particularly of female journalists. The researchers investigated the tweets of four prominent Pakistani female journalists through the lens of post-colonial feminism and symbolic violence. The qualitativ ... more

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Egypt’s #MeToo Moment: Using Social Media to Help Address Violence Against Women in Egypt

Rasha El-Ibiary

In: Violence Against Women in the Global South: Reporting in the #MeToo Era

Andrea Jean Baker, Celeste González de Bustamante, Jeannine E. Relly (eds.)

Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2023), pp. 173-199

"Adjusting the focus to the time and research of the present, this chapter analyzes two case studies that occurred before and after the revitalization of the global #MeToo movement in 2017. The selected cases investigate how women have used social media platforms to combat VAW. The first case is Daf ... more

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“It Comes With the Job”: How Journalists Navigate Experiences and Perceptions of Gendered Online Harassment

Mateus Noronha Bibiana Garcez Bruno Dias Susana Sampaio-Dias Maria João Silveirinha João Miranda

International Journal of Communication, volume 17, issue 2023 (2023), pp. 5128-5148

"This article examines how online abuse is experienced and tackled by journalists in Portugal, and addresses the prevalence of online harassment and violence against women journalists and their perceptions of the issue. Theoretically, the article bridges the research on online harassment and gender ... more

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Instant Messaging meets Diary Studies: Employing WhatsApp in Audio Diary Research with Female Journalists in Burkina Faso

Viviane Schönbächler

ZQF Zeitschrift für qualitative Forschung, volume 24, issue 1 (2023), pp. 139-155

"This paper discusses the challenges and opportunities of using instant messaging (IM) technologies for diary studies. The discussion shows that IM as well as diary methods are both highly adaptable and flexible tools for qualitative data collection. In combination, they allow for innovative designs ... more

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Social media and online hostility: Experiences of women in Irish journalism

Dawn Wheatley

Dublin: Irish Research Council; Dublin City University (2023), 60 pp.

"The public’s increased access to journalists via social networks is arguably the defining shift in audience-media relations over the past two decades. While some laud this potential for dialogue, the reality is that many journalists face targeted hostility, with women often subjected to particula ... more