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Media Freedom, Press Freedom
43
Censorship
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Media Law & Regulation
32
Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
28
Television
17
Media & Communication Policies
16
Politics and Media
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Media Ownership
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Journalism
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Press
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Audiences & Users
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Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
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Internet
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Democracy / Democratization and Media
11
Radio
11
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
10
Social Media
10
Media, Mass Media
10
Public Media, State Media
10
Media Markets
9
Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
9
Digital Media Landscapes
8
ICT Regulation
8
Digital Communication, Digital Media
7
News Websites & Portals
7
Journalism Education & Training
7
Political Transition and Media
7
Advertising
5
Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
5
State Influence on the Media
5
Democratization
5
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
4
Cinema
4
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
4
Culture (General)
4
Economics of Media
4
Ethics in Media & Communication
4
History of Media & Communication
4
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
4
Politics
4
Propaganda
4
Newspapers
4
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
3
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
3
Intellectual Property
3
Violence Against Journalists & Media Personnel
3
Public Relations
3
Popular Cultures
3
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
3
Development and Media
3
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
3
Codes of Journalistic Ethics
3
Satellite Television
3
Journalists
3
News Agencies
3
Human Rights
3
Human Rights Violations
3
Licensing of Media
3
Music
3
Government
3
Influence of Media on Politics
3
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
3
Media Effects
3
Television Programmes & Genres
3
Access to Media & Information
2
Media & ICT Use in Authoritarian Regimes / Dictatorships
2
Election Campaigns
2
Film Industries
2
Public Film Policies, Film Legislation, Public Film Funding
2
Communication Rights
2
Government Communication Strategies
2
Alternative Communication & Media
2
Alternative Press
2
Cultural Identity
2
Mass Cultures
2
Subcultures
2
Social Change & Media / Communication
2
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
2
Social Media in Political Communication
2
Information Society
2
Diaspora Media
2
Racism in Communication & Media
2
Media Monopolies & Oligopolies
2
Political Economy of Media
2
Education and Communication / Media
2
Training
2
History of Radio
2
International Communication
2
Foreign Correspondents
2
Foreign News, International News
2
International News Flow
2
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
2
Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
2
Business & Economics Journalism
2
Election Reporting
2
Media Assistance
2
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
2
Radio Landscapes
2
Television Landscapes
2
Civil Rights
2
Television Law & Regulation
2
Political Resistance
2
Political Systems
2
Democracy
2
National Identity & Media, Nationalism & Communication
2
Television Production
2
Media Reception
2
Islam and Communication
2
Research in Media & Communication
2
Society
2
Apartheid
2
Social Change
2
Informatics
2
Mobile Phones, Smartphones
2
Commercial Television
2
Theories of Communication & Media
2
Youth and Media
2
Access to Information Laws, Right to Information Regulation
1
Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities
1
Flow of Information
1
Government Advertising, State Advertising
1
Land Property, Land Grabbing, Land Reforms
1
Media Use: Families
1
Mobile Phone Use
1
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
1
Television Consumption, Televison Use, Television Audiences
1
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
1
Books
1
Book Policies (National & International)
1
Book Publishing
1
Digital Media Campaigns
1
Catholic Church
1
Catholic Media
1
Children and Media
1
Children's Television Programmes
1
Comics, Cartoons, Caricatures
1
Christian Communication
1
Communication Pastoral, Media Pastoral
1
Sects
1
Liberation Theologies
1
Action & Adventure Films
1
Horror Films
1
National Cinemas, National Film Production
1
Videos
1
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
1
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
1
Freedom of Expression
1
Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
1
Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
1
Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
1
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
1
Secret Services, Intelligence Services
1
Self-Censorship
1
Strategic Communication Planning
1
Community Media
1
Community Radios
1
Community Reporters, Media Volunteers
1
Traditional Communication
1
International Conflicts
1
Hate Speech Legislation & Regulation
1
Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Human Security Reporting
1
Information Warfare, Psychological Warfare
1
Internet / ICTs and Conflicts
1
Jamming
1
Violence in the Media
1
Violence in the Media: Reception & Effects
1
Violence in the Media: Effects on Youth
1
War Reporting
1
Contents of Media
1
Theatre
1
Cultural Domination, Media Imperialism, Cultural & Media Dependency
1
Cultural Development
1
Cultural Influence
1
Cultural Processes
1
Cultural Pluralism
1
Cultural Studies
1
Literature
1
Radio for Development
1
Convergence of Media
1
Cybercrimes
1
E-Governance, E-Democracy
1
Internet / Social Media Law & Regulation
1
Online Communication
1
WeChat (Messaging, Social Media & Mobile Payment App, China)
1
Financing Digital / Online Media
1
Online Radio, Internet Radio, Radio Streaming
1
Facebook
1
TikTok
1
Ethnic / Minority Online Communities & Websites
1
Digital Economies, Digital Societies
1
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
1
Online Learning, E-Learning
1
ICT Effects & Impact
1
ICT Policies
1
Earthquakes, Floods, Tsunamis, Natural Disasters
1
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
1
Press Distribution
1
Media Industries
1
Music Industries & Markets
1
Entertainment Media Industries & Markets
1
Private / Commercial Media Ownership
1
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
1
Economy
1
Economic Conditions
1
Poverty & Poverty Reduction
1
Market Liberalization, Economic Liberalization
1
Neoliberalism
1
Illiteracy, Non-Literate Persons
1
Humour, Parody, Satire
1
Television Entertainment, Television Entertainment Programmes
1
Soap Operas & Telenovelas
1
Contamination, Pollution
1
Environmental Journalism
1
Environmental Protection
1
Defamation Law & Regulation
1
Responsibility
1
Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
1
Gender & Religious Communication
1
Gender Relations
1
HIV / AIDS Communication
1
Colonial Legacies
1
Colonial Period
1
Decolonisation & Independence (General)
1
History of Media: Colonial Period
1
History of Television
1
History of the Press
1
Nazism
1
Intercultural Communication, Intercultural Competencies
1
Africa: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
International Media & Communication Policies
1
World Information and Communication Order
1
Transnational Broadcasting, International Broadcasting
1
International Radio Broadcasting, Foreign Radio Broadcasting
1
UNESCO
1
Exiled Journalists
1
Legal Status of Journalists
1
Local Journalism
1
News
1
News Reception
1
Television News
1
Political Reporting
1
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
1
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
1
African Languages
1
French Language
1
Local Press
1
Media Assistance: Country Strategies & Experiences
1
Communication
1
Communication Systems
1
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
1
Dissemination of Information
1
Information Exchange
1
Presentation of Information
1
Public Funding & Support Policies for Media
1
Radio Policies
1
Television Policies
1
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
1
Media Law & Regulation: Constitutional Law
1
Press Law & Regulation
1
Radio Law & Regulation
1
Right to Reply, Right of Recitification
1
Media Management
1
Change & Process Management
1
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
1
Crowdfunding
1
Human Resources Development, Personnel Management
1
Marketing & Branding
1
Media Outlets, Media Associations
1
Popular Music
1
Government Policies
1
Communism, Marxism
1
Fascism
1
Hindu Nationalism
1
Political Oppression
1
Semi-Authoritarian Regimes & Defective Democracies
1
Fragile / Post-Conflict States
1
Political Communication
1
Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers, Elites
1
Public Spheres
1
Watchdog Role of the Media
1
Magazines
1
Mirror (Newspaper, Zimbabwe)
1
Radio Production
1
Public Service Broadcasting
1
Public & State Television
1
Radio Programmes & Genres
1
Commercial Radios
1
Oppression
1
Religion and Communication
1
Islamism
1
Islamic Cultures: Role of Media
1
Religion and State
1
Religious Populism
1
Analysis
1
Social Conflicts, Social Problems
1
Violence
1
Civil Society
1
Networks & Networking
1
Social Control
1
Social Justice
1
Society & Media, Media Sociology
1
Technologies, Information & Communication Technologies
1
Alternative Technologies
1
Digital Switchover
1
Computers
1
Satellite Communication Technologies
1
Open Source Software
1
Technological Change, Technological Developments, Technological Progress
1
Telecommunications
1
Regional Television
1
Al-Jazeera
1
Non-Western Communication Approaches
1
Audiovisual Communication
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
Exit and Voice in a Digital Age: Iran's Exiled Activists and the Authoritarian State
Globalizations, volume 13 (2016), pp. 1-17
"This paper shows how digital communication technologies enable new and influence established tactics of state repression beyond borders. Based on interviews with Iranian activists and journalists who were forced to leave the country after the controversial elections of 2009, I analyze mechanisms an
...
Cuba’s Parallel Worlds: Digital Media Crosses the Divide
Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2016), 25 pp.
"For many years, the media development conversation regarding Cuba has largely focused on the country’s harsh censorship practices and other restrictions on freedom of expression. Those concerns remain. But with the opening of relations with the United States over the past two years, the conversat
...
Croatia: Media Freedom in Turbulent Times: Report on the June 2016 Joint International Mission
Vienna: International Press Institute (IPI) (2016), 25 pp.
"Incidents of physical violence and – worse still – impunity for those who commit such acts continue in Croatia, an unacceptable situation for an EU member state. On the other, legal provisions such as the country’s criminal defamation and shaming laws have been abused to punish investigative
...
A Shadow Over Democracy: 2016 IPI/AMI Zambia Press Freedom Mission Report
Vienna; Nairobi: International Press Institute (IPI);African Media Initiative (AMI) (2016), 23 pp.
"Voters need and deserve to hear a full range of voices as they decide their future and 'The Post' has played a vital role in providing an alternative to government-dominated mass media in Zambia. Unshackling that voice is critical if Zambians are to vote in an atmosphere that can be deemed free and
...
Medienfreiheit unter Druck: Medienregulierung und Medienpolitik in Ungarn
Berlin: Siebenhaar Verlag (2016), 183 pp.
Silencing the Voice of the Voiceless: The Destruction of the Independent Broadcasting Sector in Burundi
African Journalism Studies, volume 37, issue 1 (2016), pp. 137-146
Silencing Turkey’s Media: The Government’s Deepening Assault on Critical Journalism
Human Rights Watch (2016), 74 pp.
"Following the abortive July coup in Turkey, the government has accelerated and intensified a crackdown on independent media which had already been underway for more than a year. Under the state of emergency declared in the aftermath of the coup attempt, the government has closed down independent me
...
State Interference, Para-Politics and Editorial Control: The Political Economy of ‘Mirrorgate’ in Zimbabwe
Journal of African Media Studies, volume 8, issue 1 (2016), pp. 17-34
"This article explores the events leading to the closure of the Zimbabwe Mirror Newspapers Group (ZMNG) in 2007. It narrates how the state in Zimbabwe, through its intelligence arm, the Central Intelligence Organisation (CIO), covertly took over the privately owned newspaper stable, publishers of th
...
Watchdogs Under Watch: Media in the Age of Cyber Surveillance
Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2015), 20 pp.
"The fundamental problem with cyber surveillance, even for the most well-intentioned governments, is that laws have not evolved with the technology. Governments must enforce the laws that exist and apply them to the modern age. And they should consider that just because technology makes surveillance
...
Media Oversight in Non-Democratic Regimes: The Perspectives of Officials and Journalists in China
Philadelphia: Annenberg School for Communication, Center for Advanced Research in Global Communication (CARGC) (2015), 24 pp.
Three Waves of Media Repression in Zimbabwe
African Journalism Studies, volume 36, issue 2 (2015), pp. 25-44
"This article seeks to highlight how the media – especially radio – have always been used in Zimbabwe to consolidate the power of the government. This invariably led to oppositional media emerging from outside the country, giving the populace access to alternative discourses from those churned o
...
Im Würgegriff: Russlands Medienlandschaft unter Druck
Osteuropa, volume 65, issue 3 (2015), pp. 141-149
"Unabhängige Medien befinden sich weltweit seit über einem Jahrzehnt in einer tiefen ökonomischen Krise. In Russland kommt massiver politischer Druck hinzu. In den vergangenen zehn Jahren wurden zahlreiche kritische Journalisten und Redakteure entlassen, Fernseh- und Radiosender geschlossen, Zeit
...
Media Control, Colonialism and the Making of an Authoritarian Postcolonial African State: The Case of Botswana
African Journalism Studies, volume 36, issue 2 (2015), pp. 45-58
"Observing the emergence of public service broadcasting on the eve of colonialism in Botswana (early 60s to early 2000s), the central thesis of the article is that the roots of control of the media in contemporary Botswana can be traced to British anxieties about the possibility of a nationalist rev
...
Belarus: Time for Media Reform. Policy Paper on Media Freedom in Belarus
Index on Censorship;Belarusian Association of Journalists (BAJ) (2014), 27 pp.
"They Know Everything We Do": Telecom and Internet Surveillance in Ethiopia
Human Rights Watch (2014), 137 pp.
"[The publication] documents how Ethiopia’s government uses its control over the telecom system to restrict individuals’ rights. Based on over 100 interviews with victims of government abuses, former government officials, and former staff of telecom companies, the report describes the various me
...
Journalismus mit Abstrichen
Message, issue 4 (2014), pp. 10-19
Informe anual de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos 2013, vol. II: Informe de la relatoría especial para la libertad de expresión
Washington, DC: Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA) (2014), vii, 634 pp.
Singapore-Style Press Control? Not in Fiji
International Communication Gazette, volume 76, issue 3 (2014), pp. 255-274
"Constraints imposed on the press in Fiji under the 2010 Media Decree have been compared with the system of press control in Singapore. The two systems are, however, quite different. The type of hegemonic control that has been achieved in Singapore is unlikely to be replicated in Fiji. The press in
...
Medien: Alte Reflexe und neue Herausforderungen
In: Länderbericht China
Doris Fischer; Christoph Müller-Hofstede (eds.)
Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb) (2014), pp. 463-497
Mapping Digital Media: Indonesia
London: Open Society Foundations, Open Society Media Program (2014), 92 pp.
"The emergence of digital media in Indonesia coincided with the country’s transition to democracy beginning in 1998. In some ways, digitization has catalyzed the development of diverse and independent media. Market reforms in favor of liberalization have gone hand in hand with convergence and prol
...
