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161
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Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
25
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
20
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
19
Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
19
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
17
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
15
Internet / Social Media Law & Regulation
14
Internet Shutdowns
13
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
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Internet Governance, Internet Policies
11
Social Media
10
Government Communication Strategies
8
Digitalisation, Online Communication & Democracy / Democratization
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Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
7
Freedom of Expression
7
Internet Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
7
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
7
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
7
Media Law & Regulation
7
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
6
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
6
Political Blogging
6
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Digital Communication
5
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
5
Digital Political Communication
5
Blogging, Blogs
5
Facebook
5
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
4
Cybercrimes
4
Social Media in Political Communication
4
China: Transnational Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
4
Civil Society
4
Digital & Social Media Use: Youth
3
Digital Rights
3
Media / Communication Control
3
Violence Against Journalists & Media Personnel
3
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
3
Big Digital Platforms, Big Tech Companies
3
Google
3
Internet
3
Weibo (Microblogging Website, China)
3
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
3
Defamation of Religion (Blasphemy)
3
Democracy / Democratization and Media
3
Election Campaigns: Social Media
3
Muslim Digital Media & Online Communities
3
Mobile Phones, Smartphones
3
Access to Media & Information
2
Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
2
Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities
2
Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
2
Child Abuse: Digital Media
2
Communication Rights
2
Censorship
2
Facial Recognition, Biometric Surveillance
2
Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy
2
ICT / Internet Projects (Development Aid)
2
Digital Media Landscapes
2
E-Governance, E-Democracy
2
Internet and Politics
2
Media Assistance: Digital Journalism & Social Media
2
Online Communication
2
Content Moderation & Regulation: Social Media
2
Twitter & Microblogs
2
Gender and ICTs / Internet
2
Information Society
2
Uyghurs, Uighurs
2
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
2
Digital Economies & Markets
2
Political Economy of Media
2
Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
2
Transnational Broadcasting, International Broadcasting
2
Foreign Policies
2
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
2
Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
2
Media Law & Regulation: Muslim Countries
2
Islam and Communication
2
Islamist Communications & Media
2
Telecommunication Infrastructure
2
Access to Information Laws, Right to Information Regulation
1
Mobile Phone Advocacy & Campaigns
1
Social Movements: Communication Strategies & Practices
1
Media & ICT Use in Authoritarian Regimes / Dictatorships
1
Mobile Phone Use
1
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
1
Data Protection: Law & Regulation
1
Editorial Independence
1
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
1
Intellectual Property
1
Open Licensing, Creative Commons, Public Domain
1
Plagiarism
1
Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
1
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
1
Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
1
Foreign Government Communication Interventions
1
Alternative Communication & Media
1
Community Radios
1
Conflicts & Wars: Roles of Digital Technologies & Conflict Narratives in Social Media
1
Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
1
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
1
Information Warfare, Psychological Warfare
1
Information For All Programme (IFAP/UNESCO)
1
Development and Media
1
Algorithms & Big Data
1
Darknet
1
Data Governance, Data Justice, Data Sovereignty
1
Digital Ethics, AI Ethics, Social Media Ethics, Data & Information Ethics
1
Digital Inclusion
1
Digital Media, Internet & Religion
1
Digital Research Methods
1
Indigenous Digital & Social Media Communication
1
Internet and Development
1
Internet Business Management
1
WeChat (Messaging, Social Media & Mobile Payment App, China)
1
Electronic Commerce
1
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
1
Internet Markets
1
Influencers (Social Media)
1
Journalistic Social Media Use
1
Telegram
1
Video & Foto Online Communities
1
Instagram
1
YouTube
1
VK (Russian Social Network)
1
Ethnic / Minority Online Communities & Websites
1
Digital Economies, Digital Societies
1
Artificial Intelligence
1
ICTs and Development
1
ICT Development Assistance
1
ICT Development Assistance: Donors
1
ICT Industries & Markets
1
Diaspora Media
1
Earthquakes, Floods, Tsunamis, Natural Disasters
1
Deepfakes (Realistic-Looking Media Content that has been Modified, Generated or Falsified Using AI)
1
Media Ownership
1
Foreign Media Investments, Foreign Media Ownership
1
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
1
Gaming, Video Games
1
Accountability & Transparency of the Media
1
Countering Defamation & Harassment
1
Defamation Law & Regulation
1
Female Journalists & Media Workers
1
Feminism & Communication
1
Feminist Media
1
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
1
History (General)
1
China: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
Foreign ICT & Telecommunication Investments & Ownership
1
United Nations (UN)
1
Investigative Journalism
1
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
1
Kiswahili
1
Media Assistance: Interaction with Foreign Policies
1
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
1
Law, Legislation, Judiciary (General)
1
Religious Freedom
1
Change & Process Management
1
Corporate Social Responsibility
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
1
Shrinking Spaces for Civil Society & Political Actors
1
Politics and Media
1
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
1
Political Parties: Communication Strategies
1
Propaganda
1
Media Effects
1
Everyday Life
1
Manipulation
1
Uses-And-Gratifications Approach
1
Software
1
Technology Transfer
1
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
1
Mobile Phone Apps
1
State Influence on ICT & Telecommunication Markets
1
Telecommunication Companies, Mobile Phone & Fixed Line Operators
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
The Unfreedom Monitor: Morocco Country Report
Amsterdam: Global Voices Advox (2022), 27 pp.
"Journalists and independent press are tried and prosecuted with harsh charges that reach up to 20 years of imprisonment under the Penal Code, rather than the Press Code of 2016, which abolished imprisonment for criticising the monarch. The government closely monitors and controls media content thro
...
The Unfreedom Monitor: Egypt Country Report
Amsterdam: Global Voices Advox (2022), 20 pp.
"According to Reporters Without Borders (RSF), half of the media in the country is owned by the government or affiliated with the intelligence services. The rest are owned by pro-government businessmen. The few independent press websites that are still open have been blocked. Their owners and editor
...
The Unfreedom Monitor: Tanzania Country Report
Amsterdam: Global Voices Advox (2022), 22 pp.
"Tanzania has exercised authority on digital avenues in three main vital ways:
• Surveillance: Data governance in Tanzania has been one area that has had fewer restrictions as there are still laws that adequately speak to things such as data protection and privacy. However, laws such as the Cyberc
...
Controlling China’s Digital Ecosystem: Observations on Chinese Social Media
China Leadership Monitor, issue 72 (2022), 10 pp.
"Nowhere is the effort to control the flow of digital information more extensive and sustained than it is in China. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) uses a wide range of tools and strategies to achieve two related, but distinct, goals of digital information control: to shape public knowledge and to
...
Is Telegram a “harbinger of Freedom”? The Performance, Practices, and Perception of Platforms as Political Actors in Authoritarian States
Post-Soviet Affairs, volume 38, issue 1-2 (2022), pp. 125-145
"This paper examines the practices, performance, and perceptions of the messaging platform Telegram as an actor in the 2020 Belarus protests, using publicly available data from Telegram’s public statements, protest-related Telegram groups, and media coverage. Developing a novel conceptualization o
...
Iron Net: Digital Repression in the Middle East and North Africa
London: European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) (2022), 25 pp.
"Saudi Arabia and the UAE are the leading exponents of digital authoritarianism in the Middle East. The two states have intensified their collaboration with China and Israel to gain greater access to advanced technologies. The EU has responded to concerns about the risks of new technologies with a r
...
Media and Politics in the Southern Mediterranean: Communicating Power in Transition After 2011
Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge (2021), xv, 426 pp.
"This edited volume presents ground-breaking empirical research on the media in political transition in Tunisia, Turkey and Morocco. Focusing on developments in the wake of the region’s upheavals in 2011, it offers a new theoretical framework for understanding mediascapes in the confessional and h
...
Pakistan's Internet Landscape 2020
Islamabad: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES); Bytes for All (2021), 89 pp.
"The internet brought new opportunities for Pakistan to develop into a progressive society and a more democratic country, and it opened doors for more forms of criminal activity (like fraud, child pornography, etc.), more intimidation and the spreading extremism, and more information gathering on ci
...
Digital Authoritarianism and Nonviolent Action: Challenging the Digital Counterrevolution
Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace (USIP) (2021), 23 pp.
"This report examines how use of newer and emergent technologies affects nonviolent action campaigns. It identifies two significant related challenges and presents evidence of these dynamics at work in two digital autocracies, China and Russia." (About the report)
The Great Firewall of China: How to Build and Control an Alternative Version of the Internet
London: Zed Books (2021), xv, 423 pp.
"China's 'Great Firewall' has evolved into the most sophisticated system of online censorship in the world. As the Chinese internet grows and online businesses thrive, speech is controlled, dissent quashed, and attempts to organise outside the official Communist Party are quickly stamped out. Update
...
The Digital Silk Road: China's Quest to Wire the World and Win the Future
New York, NY: Harper Business (2021), xiv, 351 pp.
"China is wiring the world, and, in doing so, rewriting the global order. As things stand, the rest of the world still has a choice. But the battle for tomorrow will require America and its allies to take daring risks in uncertain political terrain. Unchecked, China will reshape global flows of data
...
"China’s sophisticated filtering system, known as the Great Firewall (GFW), is the region’s biggest impediment to thefreedom of information. The GFW is built by the Chinese government and is continuously developed to serve theirpolitical interests. In this report, we introduce the design of GFWa
...
Online Intimidation: Controlling the Narrative in the Balkans. Annual Digital Rights Report 2021
Balkan Investigative Reporting Network (BIRN) (2021), 64 pp.
"From August 2020 until August this summer, we recorded almost 800 cases of digital rights violations in eight countries of south-eastern Europe: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania and Serbia. Violations took place not just on TikTok, but also on F
...
Myanmar: Dismantling Dissent. Crackdowns on Internet Freedoms
Bangkog: Asia Centre (2021), 27 pp.
The Attacks on Palestinian Digital Rights: Progress Report, May 6-19, 2021
7amleh – Arab Center for Social Media Advancement (2021), 15 pp.
"Over the past two weeks, 7amleh - The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media has worked to document and respond to the digital rights violations occurring during the 2021 Israeli attacks on Gaza, Palestinians in mixed cities in Israel and forcible displacement of Palestinians in East Jerus
...
State of the Digital Nation: The Digital Rights Report 2020
Foundation for Media Alternatives (2021), 121 pp.
"We structured the report by beginning with an overview of the digital environment in the Philippines in 2020 before delving into the impact of technology on human rights: the key events, challenges and accomplishments, then a forecast of 2021 and 2022. These are divided into the following key thema
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Myanmar’s Military Struggles to Control the Virtual Battlefield
Brussels: International Crisis Group (2021), 37 pp.
"Since the 1 February coup d’état in Myanmar, the online space has become a parallel battlefield on which the country’s military and its opponents try to rally supporters, share information and control the narrative around events unfolding in the country. This virtual struggle has been vitally
...
Spyware: An Unregulated and Escalating Threat to Independent Media
Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2021), 20 pp.
"Spyware is increasingly used by governments around the world to silence independent media. The use of spyware poses safety risks to journalists and their sources, encourages self-censorship, and creates new financial and operational strains for news outlets. Media advocates, news outlets, and polic
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