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Spyware: An Unregulated and Escalating Threat to Independent Media

Samuel Woodhams

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2021), 20 pp.

"Spyware is increasingly used by governments around the world to silence independent media. The use of spyware poses safety risks to journalists and their sources, encourages self-censorship, and creates new financial and operational strains for news outlets. Media advocates, news outlets, and polic ... more

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Digital Authoritarianism and Nonviolent Action: Challenging the Digital Counterrevolution

Matthew Cebul, Jonathan Pinckney

Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace (USIP) (2021), 23 pp.

"This report examines how use of newer and emergent technologies affects nonviolent action campaigns. It identifies two significant related challenges and presents evidence of these dynamics at work in two digital autocracies, China and Russia." (About the report)

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Pakistan's Internet Landscape 2020

Jahanzaib Haque, Shah Bano Ali Khan

Islamabad: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES);Bytes for All (2021), 89 pp.

"The internet brought new opportunities for Pakistan to develop into a progressive society and a more democratic country, and it opened doors for more forms of criminal activity (like fraud, child pornography, etc.), more intimidation and the spreading extremism, and more information gathering on ci ... more

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Media and Politics in the Southern Mediterranean: Communicating Power in Transition After 2011

Roxane Farmanfarmaian (ed.)

Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge (2021), xv, 426 pp.

"This edited volume presents ground-breaking empirical research on the media in political transition in Tunisia, Turkey and Morocco. Focusing on developments in the wake of the region’s upheavals in 2011, it offers a new theoretical framework for understanding mediascapes in the confessional and h ... more

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Myanmar: Dismantling Dissent. Crackdowns on Internet Freedoms

Bangkog: Asia Centre (2021), 27 pp.

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Jurisprudence Shaping Digital Rights in South Asia

Divya Srinivasan, Gayatri Khandhadai

Association for Progressive Communications (APC);Cyrilla Project (2020), 54 pp.

"The objective of this report is to make available a resource that can be used by lawyers, policy experts and civil society to gauge the trajectory of judicial discourse on digital rights and use this as a tool to advocate for greater protections. This is not a compendium of all cases relating to th ... e topics dealt with. For studying the cases, the researchers developed a workbook that collated decisions available in online databases including CYRILLA and the Columbia University’s Global Freedom of Expression database. Resources developed by national groups on the state of digital rights in their countries provided critical guidance. The cases selected naturally fell into three categories of Access, Privacy and Freedom of expression. A key challenge faced, while developing this research, relates to collection of data. In many of the countries (except India), case laws are not easily available on free, open and searchable case law databases. Judgements and orders are often not available or are difficult to access on official court websites. In some countries, many of the decisions or orders relating to digital rights were not reported and thus were inaccessible. In a few instances, particularly for Nepal and Pakistan, some judgements were not available in English and reliance had to be placed on the analysis of the judgement provided by researchers with knowledge of the local language. The countries selected share similar legal systems and challenges in the exercise and enjoyment of digital rights. Some of the issues covered by the report include discussions around access to the internet and its impact on other rights as well as network shutdowns. Judicial pronouncements in relation to privacy, surveillance, national identity programmes, data protection have been analysed across jurisdictions. A significant number of cases studied related to challenges surrounding freedom of expression. Judgements on access to the internet indicate that there is some recognition of the central role the internet and connectivity play in the lives of all individuals. Cases discussed in this report include judgements relating to equitable telecast rights, instances where use of mobile phones were prohibited, providing limited internet access to prisoners, recognition of medium of information being protected and multiple cases on network shutdowns." (Overview and refelections, page 7) more

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Freedom on the Net 2020: The Pandemic's Digital Shadow
Top Insights

Washington, DC: Freedom House (2020), 33 pp.

"Three notable trends punctuated an especially dismal year for internet freedom. First, political leaders used the pandemic as a pretext to limit access to information. Authorities often blocked independent news sites and arrested individuals on spurious charges of spreading false news. In many plac ... more

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Ciberactivismo, ejercicio de la ciudadanía y participación política en Internet

Edixela Burgos

Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello (UCAB) (2020), 198 pp.

"[...] El ciberactivismo emerge como una nueva forma de participación y movilización política, que pretende dinamitar los marcos de acción colectiva promoviendo la actuación de los ciudadanos dentro del espacio público. Dentro de la perspectiva de nuestra investigación, el ciberactivismo en C ... more

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Digital Neo-Colonialism: The Chinese Model of Internet Sovereignty in Africa

Willem Gravett

African Human Rights Law Journal, volume 20, issue 1 (2020), pp. 125-146

"China is making a sustained effort to become a ‘cyber superpower’. An integral part of this effort is the propagation by Beijing of the notion of ‘internet sovereignty’ – China’s supreme right to govern the internet within its borders and keep it under rigid control. Chinese companies w ... more

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Civil Society in the Digital Age in Africa: Identifying Threats and Mounting Pushbacks

Hlengiwe Dube, Maristella A. Simiyu, Tomiwa Ilori

Pretoria; Kampala: Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria;CIPESA (2020), 78 pp.

"The report documents the threats to civil society in the digital age by examining the legislative and regulatory framework in four countries in Africa: Egypt, Sierra Leone, Uganda and Zambia. These countries were selected from the four main geographic regions of Africa, in order to provide a sense ... more

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The Rise of Internet Throttling: A Hidden Threat to Media Development

Samuel Woodhams

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2020)

"An increasing number of governments around the world are forcing internet service providers to slow their services during critical sociopolitical junctures—a practice known as throttling—infringing on citizens’ right to information and freedom of expression. Despite its deleterious impact on ... more

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Latin America in a glimpse

Vladimir Garay (ed.)

Derechos Digitales (2020), 31 pp.

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"They Are Always Watching": Restricting Freedom of Expression Online in Thailand

London: Amnesty International (2020), 26 pp.

"One year into the premiership of Gen Prayut Chan-O-Cha, Thailand’s elected government is showing no signs of loosening its grip on freedom of expression online. Rather than breaking with the established pattern of criminalizing content critical of the authorities, the government is continuing to ... more

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‘Let Us Breathe!' Censorship and Criminalization of Online Expression in Viet Nam

London: Amnesty International (2020), 77 pp.

"On 21 April 2020, Facebook announced a major shift in its content moderation policy in Viet Nam. Under this policy, it has increasingly complied with the Vietnamese authorities’ repressive censorship of online expression deemed critical of the state.3 Facebook has disclosed that it agreed to “s ... more

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Criminal Prosecutions of Online Speech: Outdated and Flawed Laws Used to Restrict Speech in Tunisia

London: Amnesty International (2020), 15 pp.

"An increasing number of prosecutions of bloggers and Facebook users have taken place in relation to their peaceful expression online. They have been investigated or charged or sometimes sentenced on criminal charges including defamation, insulting state institutions and “harming” others through ... more

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Iran: Tightening the Net 2020. After Blood and Shutdowns

London: Article 19 (2020), 63 pp.

"In November 2019, protests broke out across Iran over a fuel price hike; authorities responded with violence and repression. They also disconnected millions of Iranians from the Internet. Iran’s November shutdowns were unprecedented in length and reach. On a vast scale, they cut people off from v ... more

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Unshackling Expression: A Study on Online Freedom of Expression in Indonesia

Alghiffari Aqsa

Association for Progressive Communications (APC);Cyrilla (2020), 27 pp.

"The situation of freedom of expression online in Indonesia affirms that Indonesia is shifting further from human rights and democracy. This is not much different from the situation in other countries in Southeast Asia which seem to be competing to be the worst in human rights and democracy. The shr ... more

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#Libertad no disponible: Censura y remoción de contenido en Internet. Caso: México

Article 19 (2020), 163 pp.

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How Dictators Control the Internet: A Review Essay

Eda Keremoglu, Nils B. Weidmann

Comparative Political Studies, volume 53, issue 10-11 (2020), pp. 1690-1703

"A growing body of research has studied how autocratic regimes interfere with internet communication to contain challenges to their rule. In this review article, we survey the literature and identify the most important directions and challenges for future research. We structure our review along diff ... more

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Digital Democracy

International Reports (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung), volume 36, issue 1 (2020), pp. 1-68

Freedom on the Net 2020: The Pandemic's Digital Shadow Top Insights

Freedom on the Net 2020: The Pandemic's Digital Shadow
Top Insights